direction and the focus of the people during their prayers, providing the physical focus of the non- physical, the spiritual communication of the individual with God. The mihrab I chose for my study was produced in Kashan, Iran, around 1354. It was somehow acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 1939.
The intricate patterns of geometry and abstracted nature are balanced with beautiful linear movements of three different forms of Arabic calligraphy. The writings on the wide blue outer border are from the Qur’an, Surah (chapter) 9, verses 18-22:
18. Only those who believe in God and the Last Day, who fulfill their devotional obligations, pay the zakat, and fear no one but God, can visit the mosques of God. They may hope to be among the guided.
19. Do you think that giving a drink of water to the pilgrims and going on a visit to the Sacred Mosque, is the same as believing in God, and the Last Day, and the striving in the cause of God? In the eyes of God it is not the same; and God does not show the unrighteous the way.
20. Those who accepted the faith and left their homes and fought in the way of God, wealth and soul, have the greater reward with God, and will be successful.
21. Their Lord announces to them news of His mercy, acceptance, and gardens of lasting bliss.
22. Which they will enjoy forever.
Indeed God has greater rewards with Him.
The second band of calligraphy, on the arch around the niche itself, is from the writings of the tradition, the hadith, and gives the five pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, charity, pilgrimage, and fasting. The final and focal point calligraphy of the mihrab is within the box in the center of the niche. I chose to alter the text from the original which stated that the mosque was the house of the faithful, to what I found in my research to be a more suitable central point for my painting. In the box I wrote a phrase from the call to prayer, “Allahu Akbar. La ilaha ill-Allah,” or “Allah is the Greatest. Nothing deserves to be worshipped except Allah.”
TOP AND BOTTOM SECTIONS
On the top and bottom panels of the quintych I have created two traditional Islamic geometric patterns chosen from the hundreds that exist. On the top panel I produced a pattern which, to me, symbolized heaven. The star radiating in all directions as the all- knowing God, Allah, radiates all that there is. On the bottom panel the pattern chosen was one that I feel suggests hell. The hexagons are surrounded by and created by the sharp pointed geometric shapes that slice and cut through space. These two sections form extremely abstracted versions of the heaven and hell panels of my Christianity Quintych. On the far outer edge I have designed a border and included some pertinent passages from the Qur’an. On the heaven panel the selections are Surah 13:35 and Surah 2:82:
13:35 The likeness of Paradise promised the pious and devout is (of a garden) with streams of rippling water, everlasting fruits and shade. This is recompense of those who keep away from evil; but the recompense of those who deny the truth is Hell.
2:82 But those who believe and do good deeds are people of Paradise, and shall live there forever.
While the pleasures of heaven to the faithful are a recurring theme of the Qur’an, equally if not more frequent is the surety of the punishments of hell for those who are unfaithful. My selections from the Qur’an on this theme written on the bottom panel are Surah 22:11 and Surah 2:81:
22:11 There are some men who worship God only from the margin. If there is some profit they are content; but if calamity befalls them they turn about, thus losing both this world and the next. This is indeed a palpable loss.
2:81 Why, they who have earned the wages of sin and are enclosed in error, are the people of Hell, where they will abide forever.
The color scheme of these sections was selected to harmonize with the center and side panels containing the traditional architectural and tile colors of Middle Eastern Islamic design.
SIDE SECTIONS
These panels are two minarets that create compositional balance and conceptual continuity in the quintych. A minaret is a tower connected to a mosque from which the call to prayer is given five times daily. The call is as follows:
Allah is the Greatest (repeated four times)
I bear witness that nothing deserves worship except Allah (repeated twice)
I bear witness that Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah (repeated twice)
Come to prayer (repeated twice turning the face to the right)
Come to success (repeated twice, turning the face to the left)
Allah is the Greatest (repeated twice)
Nothing deserves to be worshipped except Allah. (Ali 298)
While this is the formal announcement of prayer five times a day, it is also much more. It is proclaimed these five times daily from hundreds of thousands of mosques across the world today. It is a tremendous statement of the unity of God and the unity of Muslims. It is a clear synopsis of the Islamic faith and is a form of proclamation to all within hearing of the basis of Islam (Ali 299).
For my image of a minaret I chose to combine two into one. The main shaft of the pillar is based on great minarets of the Madrasa of Ulugh-Beg ibn Shahrukh, Registan, Samarqand, built in about 1420. The top of my minaret is based on the minarets of Madrasah-yi Madar-i Shah, Isfahan, Iran, built around 1350. This is from the same area as the mihrab which my center section is based on. The striking architectural and sculptural forms of the minarets become even more powerful when their function is understood and appreciated.
In the outer borders of each of the side sections I have selected more passages from the Qur’an. On the left section is Surah 31:16-18:
16. “O my son, whatsoever it may be, even though equal to a mustard seed in weight, or within a rock or in the sky or in the earth, God will bring it forth.
17. O my son, fulfill your moral obligations, bid what is known to be right and forbid what is wrong, and bear with patience what befalls you, These are indeed acts of courage and resolve.
18. Do not hold men in contempt, and do not walk with hauteur on the earth. Verily, God does not like the proud and boastful.”
On the right side the passage is Surah 2:177:
177. Piety does not lie in turning your face to the East or West:
Piety lies in believing in God,
the Last Day and the angels,
the Scriptures and the prophets,
and disbursing your wealth out of the love of God among your kin and the orphans, the wayfarers and mendicants,
freeing slaves, observing your devotional obligations,
