analogy works only if you have a place to start from. But you can’t work your way to the starting point, demolish it, and then call what you’ve done ‘reasoning by analogy.’ Analogy based on what?” 21.4
Someone once said to Aḥmad: “No one should attempt to reason by analogy unless he’s very learned and knows how to compare things properly.”
“Right,” he replied.
In dealing with legal problems, Aḥmad, in my experience, would follow Hadith reports citing the Prophet, if there were any, and ignore divergent opinions attributed to the Companions or members of later generations. If the Companions had disagreed among themselves, he would choose among their opinions; he would not consult later opinions. If there was no Prophetic Hadith and no Companion reports to draw on, he would go to the Successors. Sometimes there would be a problem with the transmission of a Prophetic Hadith, but he would accept the report so long as no stronger contrary report existed. This was the case, for example, with the Hadith narrated by ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb and Ibrāhīm al-Hajarī. Sometimes he would cite a report with a link missing at the Companion level if there was nothing to contradict it. 21.5
[Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd:] Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī told us, “I once went to the mosque with Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. After we went in he got up to pray, and I saw him extend his hand out of his sleeve and go like this.” Here al-Marrūdhī made a gesture by waving two fingers. “When the prayer was over, I asked him why he had gestured with his fingers while praying. He said, ‘Satan came to me and said that I hadn’t washed my feet, and I was showing him that I had two witnesses to the contrary.’” 21.6
[Al-Maymūnī:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal once said to me, “Abū l-Ḥasan! Make sure never to speak on a question unless you have an exemplar to cite.” 21.7
[ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the physician:] Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith both fell ill. Whenever I went to see Bishr, I would ask how he was feeling, and he would praise God and then tell me, saying “Praise God! I feel such-and-such.” But whenever I went to see Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and ask him how he was feeling, he would say “Fine.” 21.8
One day I said to Aḥmad, “Your brother Bishr is ill too, and whenever I ask him how he is, he begins by praising God.”
“Ask him who he got that from.”
“I’m afraid to ask him that.”
“Tell him that his brother Abū ʿAbd Allāh wants to know.”
The next time I saw Bishr, I told him what Aḥmad had said. He replied, “Aḥmad won’t take anything without a list of transmitters! It’s Abū ʿAwn citing Ibn Sīrīn, ‘If you praise God before complaining, then it’s not a complaint.’ So I’m telling you that I feel such-and-such, to acknowledge God’s power over me.”
I left Bishr’s house and went to Aḥmad to report what he had said. After that, every time I went to see Aḥmad he would say, “Praise God” and then tell me what was wrong.
[Al-Marrūdhī:] Aḥmad told me, “I have never written down a Hadith of the Prophet, God bless and keep him, without putting it into practice. So when I came across a report that the Prophet paid Abū Ṭaybah a dinar to perform a cupping on him, when I next had myself cupped I gave the cupper a dinar.”147 21.9
[Al-Aʿmash:] I heard someone ask Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal about obsessive and distracting thoughts. He said, “Neither the Companions nor the Successors had anything to say about them.” 21.10
HIS REVERENCE FOR HADITH TRANSMITTERS AND ADHERENTS OF THE SUNNAH
[Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl:] Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Tirmidhī and I were once at Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal’s and al-Tirmidhī said, “Someone mentioned Hadith scholars to Ibn Abī Qutaybah in Mecca and he called them a bad lot.” 22.1
“Heretic!” exclaimed Aḥmad, rising and shaking out his garment. “Heretic! Heretic!” Then he disappeared into his house.
[Ṣāliḥ:] I heard my father say: “Anyone who reveres Hadith scholars will acquire standing in the eyes of the Prophet, God bless and keep him, and anyone who treats them with contempt will lose his favor, since Hadith scholars are the Prophet’s own rabbis.” 22.2
[Al-Marrūdhī:] I said to Aḥmad: “Whoever dies a Muslim and a follower of the sunnah dies well.” 22.3
“I should say so!” he retorted. “Whoever dies a Muslim and a follower of the sunnah dies as well as anyone could.”
[Al-Bazzāz:] Someone asked Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal where to find the Substitutes. He remained silent so long we thought he wasn’t going to respond. Then he said, “If not among the Hadith scholars, I don’t know where.” 22.4
[Al-Zabīdī:] Once, seeing the Hadith scholars approaching, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal pointed at the inkpots in their hands and said, “Those are the lamps of Islam.” 22.5
[Al-Makkī:] Once, seeing the Hadith scholars emerging from a session with their teacher, inkpots in their hands, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal said, “If these people aren’t the best we have, I don’t know who would be.” 22.6
[Al-Qāflānī:] I heard Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal say, “If the Hadith scholars are not the Substitutes, I don’t know who would be.” 22.7
[Abū l-Thalj:] I asked Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal whether it was better to write down Hadith or to pray and fast. 22.8
“It’s better to write down Hadith,” he said.
“Why?”
“Because with praying and fasting, someone can always say, ‘I saw others doing it so I did it too.’”
[Al-Faḍl ibn Ziyād:] I heard Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal say: “Anyone who rejects a Hadith of the Prophet, God bless and keep him, stands on the brink of ruin.” 22.9
HIS SHUNNING AND REVILING OF INNOVATORS AND HIS FORBIDDING OTHERS TO LISTEN TO THEM
[Ṣāliḥ:] Al-Ḥiẓāmī visited Ibn Abī Duʾād148 and then came to call on my father. When my father came out and saw him coming, he shut the door in his face and went back inside. 23.1
[Al-Sijistānī:] I once asked Aḥmad whether, if I see a man I know to be an adherent of the sunnah in the company of a reprehensible innovator, I should stop speaking to him. 23.2
“No,” he replied. “First tell him that the man you saw him with is an innovator. If he stops talking with him, fine. If not, consider him an innovator too. As Ibn Masʿūd said, ‘Judge a man by his friends.’”
[Al-Ḥasan
