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NOTES
1 This chapter benefitted from discussions with Michael Aliber, Stephen Greenberg and Neva Makgetla. Interpretation and any errors, of course, remain mine.
2 See http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/09/employment, accessed 26/09/2011.
3 The state requested the judgment be set aside through an argument around discovery (information requested but not provided) in the Tribunal process that prevented full evidence being heard that would have supported its case.
4 Times Live 2/8/2011, http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/08/02/walmart-massmart-merger-poses-risk-to-sa-ministers, accessed 2/8/2011.
5 Compare South Africa’s high degree of formalisation to Mexico, where only 7 per cent of the market was through formal channels when Wal-Mart entered (Tilly 2006).
6 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/7_4521_Chairmans_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
7 See http://www.cambridgefood.co.za/about.asp, accessed 1 June 2013.
8 Also, all expect Massmart to grow through expanding its African operations, understood as being a major growth area (BMI 2013; Macquarie 2013). Massmart already operates in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa through four divisions comprising 235 stores, and one buying association serving 480 independent retailers and wholesalers (http://www.fastmoving.co.za/retailers/retailer-profiles-132/massmart-198). Massmart has already announced plans to expand its operations especially in Africa in 2013 (‘Massmart to focus on store growth in Africa’ FMCG SUPPLIER NEWS Ventures Africa – May 30th, http://www.fastmoving.co.za/news/supplier-news-17/massmart-to-focus-on-store-growth-in-africa-3802; accessed 11 June 2013).
9 Indeed, Pick n Pay has made efforts to upgrade its centralised distribution systems in line with competitive pressures from Wal-Mart’s entry (BMI 2013). Rumours also abound about Tesco’s move to acquire Pick n Pay.
10 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/8_4521_Chief_Executives_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
11 Shoprite operates a wholly owned subsidiary Freshmark, which runs its distribution centres in South Africa. It procures both South African fresh fruit and vegetables and imports. Its website says, ‘It operates its own network of distribution centres and refridgerated trucks; negotiates production contracts with some 459 large- and small-scale farmers in South Africa and as well as 354 suppliers in the 11 African countries we operate in; sources specialty fruit and vegetables on international markets, and plays a key role in equipping emerging farmers with the knowledge and skills to produce and meet international GLOBALG.A.P. standards (http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/pages/1019812640/retailing-services/Freshmark.asp, accessed 29 June 2013).
12 Although, the ANC signalled this shift in policy priorities in 2007 at Polokwane (Greenberg 2010:14). See PLAAS research on the varied definition (and class position) of ‘smallholder’ producers as sited in Greenberg 2013. A wide range of descriptions may be used to categorise smallholder producers, which are obscured by the term, particularly the amalgamation of subsistence producers with commercial producers. Nevertheless, the term broadly refers to small-scale producers (either by income, land holdings, or type of production). Greenberg suggests 60-80 hectares as the maximum land holding (Greenberg 2013:3).
13 The National Development Plan outlines what it sees to be the importance of smallholder farmers to rural development through job creation and food security in terms of integration into supply chains (see Chapter 6, National Planning Commission 2011).
14 See Strategic Plan for Smallholder Producers, DAFF.
15 The regulated control of marketing and pricing of food products characterised the apartheid period. ‘More than 75 per cent of agricultural products in South Africa were sold under controlled marketing schemes in 1990’ (Greenberg 2010:4).
16 Most South African retailers require EurepGAP standards at farm level and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) at pack-house/processing level from fresh produce suppliers. Through the Global Food Safety Initiative
