needs to be done to build an effective team. This book takes the progression a bit further and sets out how you go about the team building process.
This is not an academic book but I have tried where possible to explain some of the theory that supports both the tools and techniques. My purpose is to give you a sense of why the proposed activity is necessary or useful, as well as providing you with some context, either for your own satisfaction or to explain to the team. The theory is generated from numerous studies into team development and where appropriate I have supplied references for further reading. Some of these tools are my own inventions whilst others are adapted from my research or have been suggested by other friends and collaborators working in the field of team development.
GREAT TEAMS ARE RARE
I have spent much of the last five years talking to experienced managers about life in work teams, and listening to their stories. Most people have at least one great team experience that stands out in their memory. When they tell their story it comes across clearly and vividly, often told with a gentle smile on their face as they recall people and events from the past. I have heard similar tales told multiple times by different people with different professional backgrounds and from different countries. Great team experiences can be life enhancing. People who have worked in a strong team rarely forget it. They describe the way that time just seemed to fly past. Everyone had a clear sense of direction, knew what they needed to do and when they needed to step in to help others. The odd thing about these stories is that they are often presented as singular events, as if they reflect an unusual set of circumstances that are rarely repeated.
My research indicates that most of our team experiences are much less satisfying. For many, teamwork is a notional term for working alongside others with no clear sense of purpose and limited clarity around what needs to be done or by whom. I have collected many stories of disconnected leadership, inadequate communication and low group morale. For some people a bad team experience can be emotionally scarring. It can push individuals to change industries, or even to decide to change careers.
It raises the question, ‘why are great team experiences so difficult to replicate?’ What are the critical factors that have been found to influence whether groups of people work together effectively, or simply drift through their working lives waiting for something better to happen? As we will see, there are many elements that contribute to a great team, some of which are practical procedures that can be identified and put in order. Others require the development of a broader set of techniques. This book works through a number of these components and sets out some practical proposals that will help you set up and maintain a strong team. Before we get into the detail, it is first worth considering a few matters that establish the context of the discussion ahead.
SOCIAL ANIMALS
The subject of teams and teamwork has engaged the minds of a wide range of scholars and practitioners and has generated a vast amount of literature over the last 50 years. The field incorporates thinking from such diverse disciplines as psychology, organizational behaviour, sociology and education. Humans as a species are generally social animals. We find both safety and comfort, as well as creativity and energy, by working with others and have been doing so for many thousands of years. It is perhaps a little surprising then that so much thought and attention has been put into studying what is surely just a natural phenomenon.
If all groups functioned effectively in the same way, or alternatively, every attempt by people to collaborate ended in failure, we would perhaps be less interested. The peculiar thing is that in some circumstances groups and teams achieve great things and other times they do not. Sometimes teams have been found to be better at task completion, decision-making, learning and problem-solving. Other studies find that groups are less adept at these processes. Why is that? Surely we have been practising teamwork for long enough as a species to have worked out the processes by now.
The problem of course is that people are messy. We are not consistent. Our behaviour towards other humans is governed as much by emotion as it is by rational thought. Emotions are difficult things to work with. They are generated by minds that are rarely in full control, and can change unpredictably. And yet this emotional component of team behaviour is the one area that has had relatively limited study, largely I suspect, because the complexity of human emotions makes scientific examination rather difficult.
So whilst there are no clear rules for regulating behaviour in groups, there has been enough research, observation and analysis to arrive at a set of guidelines, which might be considered to be best practice. Many of these common success factors are presented as standard instructions in a range of managerial textbooks. However, despite all of the advice on leadership, team development, and people motivation that is available to us, most of our team experiences fail to reach that golden moment of team synergy where the collective output of the team exceeds the sum of its parts.
It is easy to be cynical. Human beings are often unreliable, unpredictable and selfish. Ideas about teamwork and collaboration can sometimes be dismissed as simply wishful thinking. And yet most people have experienced working in at least one great team, where the group worked together with energy and commitment. When people tell me their stories of great teams I ask them to try and describe what made the difference. Often they’re not really sure and rationalize the outcome as the fortunate combination of naturally collaborative individuals. As I dig down into their story, however, it becomes clear that whilst luck may be playing a part, the basic elements of successful teams are revealed time and time again.
As we will discuss later, however, in many ways the odds are stacked against the creation of an effective team. The dark side of human nature does not cope well with the challenges of ambiguity and uncertainty that are a common feature of today’s workplace. I have collected other less inspiring tales of poor leadership, internal conflict and failed outcomes. The memories of frustration, stress and anger are often painful to recall and yet they continue to occur without us seeming to be able to learn to find an alternative.
It doesn’t have to be this way. Bad team experiences should not be the default expectation. There are enough studies on team performance to identify a strategy and then implement a plan to consistently build and maintain energetic, creative and strongly bonded teams. I believe therefore that great team experiences can be replicated. The key is to understand the different success factors and learn to apply them. Some of these factors are a simple matter of good organization and planning. Others, however, are less obvious and consequently need deeper consideration. It is this opaque aspect of team development that we will focus on though the book.
JUST ANOTHER BOOK ON TEAMS?
This book began life as a hobby. I have been collecting tools and techniques for working with teams for a number of years in my work as a team coach, facilitator, trainer and consultant. One day I decided, on impulse, to build a website called the Team Coaching Toolkit. (If you have not already visited the site check out www.teamcoachingtoolkit.com) The site is designed specifically to provide team leaders and project managers with a place to find new ideas and tools to develop their teams, and contains some of the tools and techniques set out in this book. I had recently been introduced to the concept of ‘working out loud’, in an article by Harold Jarche (2015), and was intrigued by the idea that instead of hoarding your own ideas as some form of intellectual property you should share them, to see how other people might make them bloom.
The internet has radically changed how one person’s thinking can be disseminated and adapted. We are able to quickly build networks of contacts and collaborators working in a diverse range of sectors and industries. This sharing philosophy is based on a recognition that, as a single human, my
