Gastroenterological Endoscopy. Группа авторов

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Vascular Cause

       Ischemic Proctitis

       Radiation Proctitis

       Neoplasm

       Anal Cancer

       Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia

       Mechanical Cause

       Hemorrhoids

       Rectal Prolapse

       Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome

       Anal Fissure

       Stercoral Ulcer

       References

       VI Biliopancreatic, Hepatic, and Peritoneal Diseases

       41 Benign Biliary Disorders

       Guido Costamagna, Pietro Familiari, Cristiano Spada

       Introduction

       Postoperative Biliary Stricture

       Chronic Pancreatitis and Biliary Strictures

       Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

       Bile Duct Leaks

       References

       42 Malignant Biliary Disease

       Ming-Ming Xu, Nikhil A. Kumta, Michel Kahaleh

       Introduction

       Diagnostic Approach

       Radiologic Imaging

       Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

       Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization

       Cholangioscopy

       Endoscopic Ultrasound-Fine Needle Aspiration

       Intraductal Ultrasound

       Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

       Classification Systems

       Guidelines and Systematic Reviews

       Therapeutic Approaches

       Standard Techniques

       Liver Transplantation

       Variation of Standard Techniques

       Guidelines and Reviews

       Areas of Uncertainty

       References

       43 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

       Marianna Arvanitakis

       Introduction

       Diagnostic Approaches

       Overview

       Equipment and Techniques

       Guidelines and Systematic Reviews

       Therapeutic Approaches

       Standard Techniques

       Guidelines and Systemic Reviews

       Areas of Uncertainty, Experimental Techniques,

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