the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the program Dynamics of Security: Forms of Securitization in Historical Perspective (2014–21). He is also senior research fellow of the Amsterdam Centre for Globalisation Studies at the University of Amsterdam. He is the author of The European Roma: Minority Representation, Memory and the Limits of Transnational Governmentality (2011) and, together with Ana Ivasiuc and Regina Kreide, the coeditor of The Securitization of the Roma in Europe (2019).
Notes
1. In the history of the Romani movement, nongovernmentalism is no new phenomenon, but goes back to, at least, the nineteenth century (Mayall 2004).
2. According to the principle of subsidiarity, the EU may only act “where member states agree that action of individual countries is insufficient. The principle serves the functions of, on the one hand, setting up a division of competence between the EU and member states and on the other, endorsing the primacy of the member states in some domains, one of which is social policy” (Daly and Silver 2008: 551).
3. Allen et al. (2015) have shown that this trend is also relevant regarding Roma-related CSOs in EU candidate member states.
4. In equally overgeneralized terms, Gay y Blasco (2002: 184) claims that “Roma activists . . . draw on non-Gypsy academic theories and take up the notion that Gypsies come from India. In claiming for all Roma a land of origin and also a shared history of persecution and nomadism, Roma activists begin to move away from the performative model of identity to the same emphasis on historical and biological continuity that lies at the core of dominant Euro-American ethnotheories.”
References
Allen, Richard, Steven O’Connor, Melita Petanovic, and Nicoleta Bițu. 2015. Thematic Evaluation of IPA Support to Roma Communities. Brussels: European Commission.
Barany, Zoltan. 2002. The East European Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bockman, Johanna. 2011. Markets in the Name of Socialism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Chu, Margalit. 2008. Integration, Erasure and Underdevelopment: The Everyday Politics and Geographies of Gitano NGOization. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Comaroff, Jean. 2012. “Pentecostalism, Populism and the New Politics of Affect.” In Pentecostalism and Development: Churches, NGOs and Social Change in Africa, edited by Dena Freeman, 41–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Corbridge, Stuart. 2007. “The (Im)Possibility of Development Studies.” Economy and Society 36 (2): 179–211.
Council of the European Union. 1992. “Birmingham Declaration: A Community Close to Its Citizens.” Brussels: Council of the European Union.
Dagnino, Evelyn. 2008. “Participation, Citizenship and Democracy.” In Can NGOs Make a Difference? The Challenge of Development Alternatives, edited by Anthony J. Bebbington, Samuel Hickey, and Diana Mitlin, 55–70. London: Zed Books.
Daly, Mary, and Hilary Silver. 2008. “Social Exclusion and Social Capital: A Comparison and Critique.” Theory and Society 37 (5): 537–66.
Davoudi, Simin, and Ali Madanipour, eds. 2015. Reconsidering Localism. London: Routledge.
Dillon, Michael. 2013. “Politics of Truth and Pious Economies.” In The Biopolitics of Development: Reading Michel Foucault in the Postcolonial Present, edited by Sandro Mezzadra, Julian Reid, and Ranabir Samaddar, 165–89. New York: Springer.
European Commission. 2007. Handbook on Integration for Policy-Makers and Practitioners. 2nd ed. Brussels: European Commission.
———. 2011. An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020. Brussels: European Commission.
European Roma Rights Centre. 2013. National Roma Integration Strategies: What Next? Special issue, Roma Rights: Journal of the European Roma Rights Centre, 1–61.
European Roma Policy Coalition. 2012. Analysis of the National Roma Integration Strategies. Brussels: European Roma Policy Coalition.
Fosztó, László, and Marian V. Anăstăsoaie. 2001. “Romania: Representations, Public Policies and Political Projects.” In Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Will Guy, 351–69. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
Freeman, Dena, ed. 2012. Pentecostalism and Development: Churches, NGOs and Social Change in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2012. “The Pentecostal Ethic and the Spirit of Development.” In Pentecostalism and Development: Churches, NGOs and Social Change in Africa, edited by Dena Freeman, 1–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gay y Blasco, Paloma. 2002. “Gypsy/Roma Diasporas: A Comparative Perspective.” Social Anthropology 10 (2): 173–88.
Haney, Lynne. 2002. Inventing the Needy: Gender and the Politics of Welfare in Hungary. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Ivasiuc, Ana. 2014. “Empowering the Roma: Lessons from Development Practice.” Dissertation, National School of Political Science and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania.
Kovats, Martin. 1997. “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Three Faces of ‘Dialogue’—The Development of Roma Politics in Hungary.” Contemporary Politics 3 (1): 55–71.
Lewis, David. 2005. “Individuals, Organisations and Public Action.” In A Radical History of Development Studies, edited by Uma Kothari, 200–221. London: Zed Books.
———. 2008. “Using Life Histories in Social Policy Research.” Journal of Social Policy 37 (4): 559–78.
———. 2010. “Political Ideologies and Non-Governmental Organizations.” Journal of Political Ideologies 15 (3): 333–45.
Marushiakova, Elena, and Veselin Popov. 2011. “Between Exoticization and Marginalization.” Behemoth 4 (1): 51–68.
Matras, Yaron. 2013. “Scholarship and the Politics of Romani Identity: Strategic and Conceptual Issues.” European Yearbook of Minority Issues, ECMI, 211–45. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Mayall, David. 2004. Gypsy Identities 1500–2000: From Egipcyans to Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany. London: Routledge.
Mohan, Giles, and Kristian Stokke. 2000. “Participatory Development and Empowerment.” Third World Quarterly 21 (2): 247–68.
Nirenberg, Jud. 2009. “Romani Political Mobilization.” In Romani Politics in Contemporary Europe, edited by Nando Sigona and Nidhi Trehan, 94–115. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ram, Melanie H. 2010. “Interests, Norms and Advocacy: Explaining the Emergence of the Roma onto the EU’s Agenda.” Ethnopolitics 9 (2): 197–217.
Rostas, Iulius. 2009. “The Romani Movement in Romania.” In Romani Politics in Contemporary Europe, edited by Nando Sigona and Nidhi Trehan, 159–85. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ryder,
