for symptoms to settle.11 Which of the following is not a method of determining working length?Apex locatorPaper pointsPreoperative radiographWorking length radiographStep‐back technique
12 Which of the following irrigants helps remove the smear layer during root canal treatment?Sodium hypochloriteWaterChlorhexidineEDTASaline
13 Which of the following is not a contraindication for surgical endodontics?Persistent disease where non‐surgical treatments have failedPoor surgical accessUnrestorable toothUnderlying bleeding disordersNon‐surgical treatments are feasible
14 Which of the following is unlikely to cause insecurity of a complete denture?Overextension in the buccal sulcusLack of denture extensionBalanced occlusion and articulationExtension over the hamular notchThin post‐dam
15 Which of the following is a contraindication for veneers?Diastema closureFluorosisCamouflaging a canine as a lateral incisorPulpless teethGood oral hygiene 11.eStep‐back technique is a method of root canal preparation and not a method of determining working length.12.dEDTA helps remove the smear layer which allows irrigants in to the dentinal tubules. This allows more thorough chemo‐mechanical preparation.13.aPersistent disease, where standard treatment has failed, is the general reason for carrying out surgical endodontics. All the other options are common contraindications.14.cBalanced occlusion and articulation are the desired occlusal schemes with dentures and lead to best stability. All the other options are likely to lead to a lack of retention in some form.15.dPulpless teeth will generally continue to discolour over time and so the aesthetic value of a veneer will be lost. Careful consideration must be given to these teeth.
16 Which of the following would be an indication for crown placement?More conservative options availableSubgingival cariesGrade 2 mobilityHeavily restored toothRoot fracture
17 What is the ideal degree of taper for preparation of an indirect restoration?1–3°3–5°5–7°7–9°>9°
18 Erosion means loss of tooth surface tissue due to:Chemical processes independent of bacteriaChemical processes associated with bacteriaTooth‐to‐tooth contactDamage from foreign bodiesOcclusal forces
19 Which of the following is an indication for the use of rubber dam?Latex allergyClaustrophobiaDifficult accessAirway protectionImproving impression detail
20 What is the usual shoulder preparation for a metal‐ceramic crown?0.5 mm1.0 mm1.3 mm1.8 mm2.0 mm 16.dA heavily restored tooth, without any recurrent caries, would be an ideal candidate for a crown. If there is a more conservative management option then this should be attempted first. Extensive caries and periodontal disease are strict contraindications.17.cA taper of 5–7° is ideal to allow for optimal retention.18.aErosion occurs due to chemical processes independent of bacteria. Attrition is due to tooth‐to‐tooth contact and abrasion is due to foreign bodies (very commonly toothbrushing trauma).19.dAirway protection is critical in root canal preparation. Other indications include moisture isolation and improved visibility.20.cA general shoulder preparation of between 1.2–1.5 mm should be done to ensure adequate thickness and space for metal and porcelain.
21 Which of the following is not a principle of crown preparation?Undercut preparationConservative preparationRetention formResistance formMarginal integrity
22 What is the optimum crown‐root ratio for crown preparation?1 : 11 : 22 : 32 : 13 : 2
23 Which of the following is not used as a temporary following indirect restoration preparation?AmalgamDirect compositeStainless steel crownPolycarbonate shell crownAluminium shell crown
24 What is the shortened dental arch (SDA)?4–5 pairs of occluding teeth6–7 pairs of occluding teeth7–8 pairs of occluding teeth9–10 pairs of occluding teeth11–12 pairs of occluding teeth
25 What is bracing in relation to partial dentures?Resistance to lateral and anterior displacing forcesResistance to axial displacing forcesResistance to tipping of dentureResistance to displacement of denture in to the ridgeAbility to connect denture components 21.aUndercuts should be avoided for conventional crown preparations to ensure proper seating and retention.22.cIdeally there should be a ratio of 2 : 3 in order to have a more predictable outcome. However, 1 : 1 may be accepted but caution is advised.23.aAmalgam is never used as a temporary following indirect preparation, as it cannot be constructed in the appropriate shape.24.dThe SDA typically refers to 9–10 pairs of occluding teeth, allowing adequate function for a patient. This may inform treatment planning for missing teeth.25.aBracing prevents the denture from being displaced laterally and anteriorly. It can be provided by major connectors, clasps and reciprocating plates.
26 Which of the following is not an advantage of an overdenture compared to a complete denture?Improved proprioceptionBetter aestheticsIncreased support from rootsPreservation of boneIncreased retention via precision attachments
27 What is the minimum thickness needed for incisal and occlusal rest seats?0.2 mm0.5 mm0.7 mm1.0 mm1.5 mm
28 Which bur can be used to widen endodontic access cavities without damaging the floor?RoseheadGates‐GliddenMicrofine diamondEndo‐ZTungsten carbide
29 What is the fluoride content of fluoride varnish?1200 ppm2200 ppm5600 ppm10 200 ppm22 600 ppm
30 What is the NICE recall interval for high caries risk patients?1 month3 months12 months24 months36 months 26.bThere is not an aesthetic advantage of an overdenture over a complete denture.27.bA minimum of 0.5 mm is required to provide sufficient thickness of the rest, otherwise fracture is likely. This may require rest seats to be cut in the relevant teeth or assessment for sufficient occlusal space without preparation.28.dEndo‐Z burs have a non‐cutting tip which allows for access preparation without risk of perforating the floor.29.eFluoride varnish can be applied up to four times a year on high‐risk patients and contains 22 600 ppm of fluoride.30.bA three‐month recall should be put in place for high caries risk patients until they are stabilised.
31 Which of the following is not a property of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)?Non‐toxicNon‐resorbableShort setting timeBiocompatibleMinimal marginal leakage
32 Which of the following describes the obturation technique of warm vertical condensation?Obturation with a single master gutta percha (GP) cone with sealerObturation with a master cone and GP accessory points, using an ultrasonic unit to warm the GPObturation using a reverse H‐file to push GP down the canalObturation with a plastic carrier coated in GPObturation with a downpack/apical plug and then backfilling incrementally with melted GP
33 What is the average length of a maxillary canine?20.5 mm21.6 mm24.7 mm28.3 mm26.5 mm
34 What is the suggested concentration for chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant?0.001%0.1–1%0.2–2%2–3%3.5–5%31.cMTA has a long setting time, which is one of its main disadvantages. Biodentine is an alternative material that aims to improve on this property primarily through the addition of calcium chloride.32.eWarm vertical condensation involves placing an apical plug for apical control and then backfilling from this. Option a describes single cone technique; b describes warm lateral condensation; c describes thermomechanical compaction; and d describes carrier‐based systems.33.eThe average length of a maxillary canine is 26.5 mm with, typically, a single root and single root canal. Mandibular canines are usually slightly shorter at 25.6 mm.34.cChlorhexidine should be used at a concentration of 0.2–2%. Chlorhexidine 2% has the same antibacterial activity as 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, with residual effects lasting for up to 48 hours.
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