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Note
1 * Corresponding author: [email protected]
2 Water and Ice Nucleation on Solid Surfaces
Youmin Hou*, Hans-Jürgen Butt and Michael Kappl†
Department of Physics at Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, Germany
Abstract
Nucleation, in which a new phase is spontaneously formed in an original phase, is normally regarded as the initial step for the phase transitions, for example, water condensation and icing. The ability to control nucleation is of significant importance for scientific research and many industrial applications, particularly for water and ice. Despite different properties in bulk configuration, the formation processes of nanoscopic water and ice nuclei have a lot in common. The study of nucleation can be traced back to the pioneering work of Fahrenheit in the 1700s, while the understanding of nucleation remains inadequate due to the difficulty in characterizing nucleation dynamics with conventional measurement tools. In this chapter, we present an overview of the most commonly used nucleation theory for analyzing the initial water condensation and ice crystallization, and the recent progress in the field of controlling heterogeneous nucleation on solid surfaces.
Keywords: Nucleation theory, condensation, icing, hybrid wettability
2.1 Introduction
Phase transitions of water play a prominent role in many natural processes like fog and cloud formation, precipitation as rain, snow or hail. In technical applications such as heat exchangers, fog harvesting or water desalination, high nucleation and condensation rates are favored; while in the case of anti-icing coatings, one targets for suppression of nucleation. These phase transitions occur when the original phase is supersaturated with respect to a more stable one. The formation of a new phase within a metastable original phase (i.e., mother phase), however, does not begin in a continuous manner. It rather arises spontaneously as a result of fluctuations of temperature and density in the original phase when a critical supersaturation of vapor or a critical supercooling of liquid water is exceeded. This spontaneous process is called nucleation.
As an established research area, the development of
