rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_8339b69f-733f-5bf4-8dc5-1086de357cd0">CONFOUNDING IN ALREADY‐COLLECTED DATA
CHAPTER 15: The Sample in Qualitative Research
THE NATURE OF SAMPLES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
SAMPLE SIZE IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
SAMPLING FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CHAPTER 16: Identifying and Defining Cases
CHAPTER 17: Controls and Comparisons
11 PART IV: Establishing the Facts: Starting with Basic Observations CHAPTER 18: Identifying the Characteristics of Quantitative Data TYPES OF VARIABLE – TYPES OF DATA IDENTIFYING DATA TYPE SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS CHAPTER 19: Summarizing the Characteristics of Quantitative Data SUMMARY MEASURES OF LOCATION SUMMARY MEASURES OF SPREAD CHAPTER 20: Identifying and Summarising the Characteristics of Qualitative Data CHAPTER 21: Measuring the Characteristics of Participants INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT BIAS BIAS ARISING FROM MISSING VALUES CHAPTER 22: Measuring the Characteristics of Participants CHAPTER 23: Diagnostic Tests THE MEASURES THE SENSITIVITY VERSUS SPECIFICITY TRADE‐OFF – THE RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) CURVE CHAPTER 24: Measurement Scales THE MEASUREMENT PROBLEM WHAT ARE MEASUREMENT SCALES? WHEN AUTHORS USE DATA FROM MEASUREMENT SCALES DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MEASUREMENT SCALE SCALE CONSTRUCTION DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF SCALES CHAPTER 25: Exploring and Explaining
12 PART V: Establishing More of the Facts: Some Common Ways of Describing Results CHAPTER 26: Fractions, Proportions, and Rates CHAPTER 27: Risks and Odds RISK ODDS CHAPTER 28: Ratios of Risks and Odds RISK RATIO ODDS RATIO CLINICAL TRIALS AND ‘NUMBERS NEEDED TO TREAT'
13 PART VI: Analysing the Data: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER 29: Confidence Intervals for Means, Proportions, and Medians WHAT IS A CONFIDENCE INTERVAL? CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO MEANS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO PERCENTAGES CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO MEDIANS CHAPTER 30: Confidence Intervals for Ratios CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ODDS RATIOS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR RISK RATIOS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR HAZARD RATIOS CHAPTER 31: Testing Hypotheses – The p‐value ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE AGAINST THE HYPOTHESIS – THE P‐VALUE MAKING THE WRONG DECISION – TYPES OF ERROR HYPOTHESIS TESTS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS COMPARED TWO‐TAILED VERSUS ONE‐TAILED TESTS MATCHED VERSUS INDEPENDENT GROUPS TRANSFORMING DATA FINALLY
14 PART VII: Analysing the Data: Multivariable Methods CHAPTER 32: Measuring Association MEASURING ASSOCIATION THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT CHAPTER 33: Measuring Agreement MEASURING AGREEMENT WITH NOMINAL DATA INTERPRETING κ AGREEMENT WITH ORDINAL DATA: WEIGHTED κ MEASURING AGREEMENT WITH METRIC DATA CHAPTER 34: Linear Regression WHY REGRESSION? LINEAR REGRESSION ESTIMATING THE REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS – ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION
