target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_df31df1c-0cbd-5a2b-aca2-b3d67dcc6e42">5 Canavesi de Sahonero, pp. 25–42; with pictures of Spanish styles, pp. 27–29; p. 28 has a picture of women from Andalusia.7 6 Haroldo and Flávia de Faria Castro, “Los Mil y Un Sombreros de la Cultura Boliviana,” Geomunco, 8, no. 6 (1984), pp. 566–571.
8 7 “Hats Off to Bolivians – From Derbies to Helmets, They’re Tops,” Los Angeles Times (January 25, 1987).
9 8 An Italian term baccicia, which translated into the common language as bachiche, used to refer to Italians of modest social status. This term in Peruvian society was used to classify a certain type of business such as pulpero, winemaker, blacksmith, etc. The majority made their way with a small shop, the old pulpería, attended by a man almost always dicharachero, talkative, friendly, a connoisseur of all the neighborhood and sometimes called gringo.
10 9 Mauricio Belmonte Pijuán, Polenta: Familias italianas en Bolivia (Editorial Gente Común: Ambasciata d’Italia in La Paz, 2009), p. 25. See Gabriella De Ferrari’s delightful memoir of growing up in her Italian family in Tacna. Her father, Armando, was the honorary consul, and after the monarchy was abolished in 1946, he hosted a party for town elites each June 2, the Day of the Republic. Gringa Latina: A Woman of Two Worlds (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995).
11 10 Joaquín Blaya Alende, El Progreso Italiano en Chile (Santiago: Imprenta La Ilustración, 1921), pp. 441, 445, with photographs. Selections are included in the online essay at http://www.italianosenchile.cl/documentos/documentos‐tacna.html.
12 11 Alfonso Díaz Aguad and Elías Pizarro Pizarro, “Algunos antecedentes de la presencia italiana en la ciudad de Tacna: 1885–1929,” August 29, 2014. http://www.italianosenchile.cl/documentos/documentos‐tacna.html.
13 12 Archivio Storico Borsalino Indice, municipal library, Alexandria, Italy, Mazz 144, 6, 1915–1919.
14 13 The word “ciola” (without the “h”) does not translate into the English language as it is the proper name of the hat in question, which in Peru is named “Chullo.” Dario Pavan, archivist, Alessandria Community Library, Italy, to the author, March 28, 2019.
15 14 “Esclusiva Borsalino. L. A. Galoppo & Galoppo e Ormezzano,” Alexandria, Italy, Mazz 144, 6, 1915–1919.
16 15 Belmonte, “Los sombreros Borsalino de Ludovico Galoppo,” pp. 179–182, 60.
17 16 This seems possible because of the development of smuggling after the plebiscite in 1921 that divided the towns of Tacna and Arica, carried on daily by the women of Tacna, who might well have had knowledge of the practice between Peru and Bolivia. They might even have worn the hats they were smuggling. De Ferrari, pp. 71–72.
18 17 One travel guide account claims the first shipment of hats was given away to the women. Claudia Looi, “Bowler Hats and the Cholas of Bolivia,” http://travelwritingpro.com/bowler‐hats‐cholas‐bolivia/.
19 18 http://www.bloganavazquez.com/2010/02/07/el‐sombrero‐bombin‐borsalinoy‐las‐mujeres‐de‐bolivia/.
20 19 See the blog entitled “El Mundo Cervantinos,” the Hispanic World seen through the eyes of some Italians, “Las cholitas luchadoras” (November 15, 2013). The origin story of the railroad workers is repeated on this website. http://mundohispanoloscervantinos.blogspot.com/2013/11/las‐cholitas‐luchadoras.html.
21 20 Lesley Gill, Precarious Dependencies: Gender, Class, and Domestic Service in Bolivia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 106.
22 21 Belmonte, p. 89.
23 22 Archivio Storico Borsalino Indice Mazz 969 Fascicol 13, Rappresentanti cessati dal 1929 al 1936‐c/provv:
24 23 http://www.hathistory.org/borsalino/.
25 24 http://www.made‐in‐italy.com/italian‐fashion/designers‐and‐brands/borsalino.
26 25 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/29/obituaries/emma‐stebbins‐overlooked.html. Liza Bakewell provided this reference.
27 26 Lucius Beebe, “The Hat that Won the West,” Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah (October 27, 1957), https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19571026&id=xQQpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PkgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7036,5636283&hl=en. Beebe said that he examined thousands and thousands of photographs of westerners for a book and that resulted in his conclusion.
28 27 The Guardian (October 8, 2016).
29 28 Don Anderson, “Bowled Over by a Hat Beloved by Orangemen,” Belfast Telegraph (March 3, 2015), https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/columnists/bowled‐over‐by‐the‐history‐of‐a‐hat‐beloved‐by‐orangemen‐30380950.html.
30 29 http://www.bloganavazquez.com/2010/02/07/el‐sombrero‐bombin‐borsalinoy‐las‐mujeres‐de‐bolivia/.
31 30 Gian Paolo Gamba, Panizza company, email to the author, March 22, 2015.
32 31 “Las remembranzas de Mario Nosiglia,” Belmonte, pp. 223–224. There are some slight differences in this essay with Michael Powell and Jürgen Horn, “A Tour of Sucre’s Hat Factory,” http://bolivia.for91days.com/2011/06/12/a‐tour‐of‐sucres‐hat‐factory/.
33 32 http://www.made‐in‐italy.com/italian‐fashion/designers‐and‐brands/borsalino.
