the new form of transport.
THE CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA
29 June 1838
Shortly after the procession had passed Apsley-house, the amusements of the fair commenced in good earnest. We say in good earnest, because for the last two or three days business in a partial manner has been going on. The altered appearance presented to the eye yesterday from that we had observed on the preceding day, was almost as surprising as the masses of beef and ham to which we then referred; for then there were not any swings, scarcely any shoes, and apparently but few arrangements made to afford entertainment other than those of a supportive nature, or for the cultivation of the disportation of the human frame in the wily mazes of dance.
The lapse of 12 hours, however, worked marvellous results, and at an early hour it became evident that sleep alone had not been the object of the fair-makers. A number of theatres of a minor class had sprung up, and swings, almost beyond enumeration, had been erected, whilst it had been arranged that donkey races and several other attractive pursuits should be added to the originally proposed objects. Much merriment was afforded in the course of the afternoon by a race between donkeys, one of which was ridden by a sailor. It happened that the sea-farer was astride of the second-best runner, whereupon he took it into his head that it would be but proper for him to endeavour to retard the rapid progress of the foremost animal. No sooner, therefore, did the idea strike upon his mind than he coolly slipped off his own donkey, and, running onward laid hold of the tail of the one in advance, with the manifest intention of retarding his hitherto successful progress, and it was not without very considerable difficulty that “Jack” was made to understand that he had been guilty of an action for which the Jockey Club would have imposed some penalty.
During the day a balloon went up from the Green-park, and another from Vauxhall, as was understood, passed over the same place. In reference to the ascent of the former, it was rumoured that Mrs. Graham had met with an accident by a rapid and unexpected descent.
After a minute inspection of the arrangements in Hyde Park, it may be said that on the entrance thereto the spectator was introduced to an extraordinary scene; at the first glance it appeared as if hostilities and not enjoyments were about to occupy all, for an immense encampment covered the crown of the Park from the margin of the tranquil Serpentine to within a trifling distance of the several main entrance to the usually tranquil scene. Marquees, tents, booths, of every form and construction, lay grouped together with, at first, all the confused appearance of haste and chance; but a closer survey showed that much indeed of military regularity had been observed in setting out the grand line of circumvallation, as well as the almost numberless parallels and intersections of the interior. And although banners and pennons there were of every country, tribe, and hue, the breeze that unfurled them passed over the regions of peace. Pleasure had sent forth her pioneers, and had occupied the ground to some purpose, in the provision of every entertainment the most numerous of her votaries could desire.
Victoria had come to the throne the previous year, aged just 18. Her coronation, organized by the government of Lord Melbourne, was the first to be staged since reforms meant that MPs as well as peers had to witness it.
Melbourne, however, went much further with changes to tradition, lengthening the route of the carriage procession so that it ran, for the first time, from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey. This would enable larger crowds to see it. Carried by the new railways, more than 400,000 people came to London for the occasion, with many visiting the vast fair in Hyde Park.
The five-hour long ceremony itself was marred by the lack of any rehearsal. The Archbishop of Canterbury forced the Queen’s ring onto the wrong finger, and she had to be called back after part of the service was skipped by mistake. Later, she watched the fireworks display in Green Park and the next day went herself to the fair. There would not be another coronation for more than 60 years.
7 August 1840
When his Excellency had finished, he invited the chiefs to ask explanations on any point they did not comprehend; 20 or 30 chiefs in consequence addressed the meeting, five or six of whom spoke with so much violence and effect that his Excellency was apprehensive that they had fairly turned the tables on him, but at the crisis the Hokianga chiefs, “under Neni and Potawoni, made their appearance,” and nothing, says Captain Hobson, “could have been more reasonable.” His Excellency insinuates that underhand influence had been at work, and two chiefs whom he names as being followers of the Catholic bishop, were the principal opposers. One of these orators, “Rovewah” said, “Send the men away: do not sign that paper: if you do, you will be reduced to the condition of slaves, and be obliged to break stones for the roads. Your lands will be taken from you, and your dignity as chiefs destroyed.” In this dilemma, and when things appeared to be looking very black for his Excellency, at the first pause “Neni” came forward and eclipsed all rivals. He spoke with so much “natural eloquence” as surprised all the Europeans and turned aside the temporary feeling that had been created by the arguments of the other orators. No wonder, then, that Captain Hobson should speak favourably of his talents. He was to him a friend in need, and seems to have done his part of the business effectually. He pointed out to the New Zealanders how impossible it was for them to govern themselves, and concluded his harangue by strenuously advising the chiefs to place confidence in the promises of the British. He was followed by two other favourable chiefs, and after an adjournment of one day, it having been announced that the chiefs had become impatient to sign the treaty that they might return to their homes, his Excellency gratified their wishes; and having accordingly proceeded to the tents, the treaty was signed in due form by 46 head chiefs, in presence of at least 500 of inferior degree; which, being held to be a full and clear recognition of the sovereign rights of Her Majesty over the northern parts of the island, was announced on the 7th of February last by a salute of 21 guns from Her Majesty’s ship Herald. By the first article of the treaty, the chiefs of the confederation of the united tribes of New Zealand, and the separate and independent chiefs expressly gave the powers and rights of sovereignty to Her Majesty over their respective territories; and by the second, Her Majesty confirms and guarantees them in the possession of their lands and estates, forests, fisheries, and other properties, so long as they wish to retain the same; but they yield at the same time to Her Majesty the exclusive right of pre-emption over such lands as they may be disposed to alienate; and the third grants to the natives of New Zealand all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
New Zealand had been discovered by Europeans in the seventeenth century, and claimed by James Cook for Britain in 1769, but by the 1830s it was still not a colony subject to the Crown. Instead, it was viewed as an outpost of the settlement in Australia and visited chiefly by whalers and sealers.
Prompted by reports of land speculation and independent projects to develop the country, the British government sent a naval officer, William Hobson, as lieutenant-governor to New Zealand to establish sovereignty. He invited about 500 chiefs of the Maori people to a meeting at Waitangi, in the North Island, on 5 February 1840 (news of it took six months to reach the London papers) and read out the agreement he had prepared.
The Maori wanted to negotiate a treaty to protect themselves from the French, who had colonial ambitions of their own, and to reduce fighting between their tribes. However, the precise meaning of its terms in English and Maori differed, with the latter willing
