waveform in time doma...Figure 1.9 Phase angle displacement of three-phase voltage waveform in angular f...Figure 1.10 Three-phase, four-wire circuit configuration.Figure 1.11 Single-phase, two-wire system.Figure 1.12 40 W bulb connected across 240 V supply.Figure 1.13 Direction of current flow for positive half cycle.Figure 1.14 Direction of current flow for negative half cycle.Figure 1.15 Circuit diagram of single-phase AC supply feeding R Load.Figure 1.16 Current wave shape in kA.Figure 1.17 RMS current trend in kA.Figure 1.18 Time period. Note: This figure is captured using Dranetz Power Quali...Figure 1.19 Voltage frequency.Figure 1.20 Phase angle between voltage and current. Note: This figure is captur...Figure 1.21 Star circuit connection.Figure 1.22 Name plate details of AC generator (Courtesy: Stamford).Figure 1.23 Name plate details of transformer (Courtesy: Toshiba).Figure 1.24 Terminal connection of transformer secondary side - star winding.Figure 1.25 Delta circuit connection.Figure 1.26 Practical connection or forming delta circuit in transformer.Figure 1.27 Practical connection or forming delta circuit in transformer.Figure 1.28 Balanced delta circuit.Figure 1.29 Balanced star circuit.Figure 1.30 Name plate details of three phase induction motor (Courtesy: TECO).Figure 1.31 Star to delta conversion.Figure 1.32 Delta to star conversion.Figure 1.33 Single phase, 240V circuit powering resistive (5 Ω) load.Figure 1.34 Three-phase, 415V balanced circuit powering the resistive load (5 Ω/...Figure 1.35 Three-phase, 415V unbalanced circuit.Figure 1.36 Single phase, 240V circuit.Figure 1.37 Three-phase, 415V balanced circuit.Figure 1.38 Three phase, 415V unbalanced circuit.Figure 1.39 Power triangle.Figure 1.40 Single-phase circuit powering 1000 W focus lamp.Figure 1.41 Three-phase, balanced circuit.Figure 1.42 Three phase, 415V unbalanced circuit.Figure 1.43 Circuit diagram of pure resistive load.Figure 1.44 Voltage and current relation for unity power factor load.Figure 1.45 Schematic diagram.Figure 1.46 Voltage and current wave shape for unity power factor load. Note: Th...Figure 1.47 kW, kVA and PF trend.Figure 1.48 Circuit diagram of ideal inductor.Figure 1.49 Voltage and current relation for lagging power factor load.Figure 1.50 Schematic diagram.Figure 1.51 Instantaneous voltage and current wave shape (R phase) of 5 HP induc...Figure 1.52 Real, apparent power and power factor trend of 5 HP induction motor.Figure 1.53 Circuit diagram for an ideal capacitor.Figure 1.54 Voltage and current relation for leading power factor load.Figure 1.55 Schematic diagram of power distribution.Figure 1.56 Instantaneous voltage and current wave form of capacitor.Figure 1.57 kW, kVA and PF trend for leading PF load.Figure 1.58 Power factor improvement by capacitor bank.Figure 1.59 Power factor improvement by synchronous condensor.Figure 1.60 Linear voltage – current relationship.Figure 1.61 Non-linear voltage – current relationship.Figure 1.62 Current coil.Figure 1.63 Pressure coil.Figure 1.64 Two-Wattmeter method for three-phase power measurement.Figure 1.65 Three-Wattmeter method power measurement.Figure 1.66 General structure of power system.Figure 1.67 Installation of generator at actual site.Figure 1.68 Installation of transformer at actual site.Figure 1.69 Installation of transmission lines 110 kV single circuit.Figure 1.70 Installation of transmission lines 220 kV double circuit.Figure 1.71 Installation of transmission lines.Figure 1.72 Installation of primary distribution line 11 kV single circuit.Figure 1.73 Installation of secondary distribution line 415 V.Figure 1.74 Installation of underground cables in buried cable trench.Figure 1.75 Flow chart of power system protection.Figure 1.76 CTs at 11 kV (Courtesy: Schneider Electric).Figure 1.77 100/1 A CT.Figure 1.78 VTs at 11 kV.Figure 1.79 Instantaneous earth fault relay (Courtesy: Alstom).Figure 1.80 Instantaneous over voltage relay (Courtesy: Areva).Figure 1.81 Installation of SF6 breaker.2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Typical SLD of power system.Figure 2.2 Typical configuration of two-winding transformer.Figure 2.3 Waveform of high voltage side of two-winding transformer.Figure 2.4 Waveform of low voltage side of two-winding transformer.Figure 2.5 Core of three-phase power transformer (Courtesy: Andrew Yule).Figure 2.6 Relationship of B-H curve.Figure 2.7 CGL power transformer laminated core (Courtesy: CGL power transformer...Figure 2.8 Path of eddy current.Figure 2.9 Core-type transformer.Figure 2.10 L shape stamping.Figure 2.11 Core-type transformer.Figure 2.12 E & I shape stamping.Figure 2.13 Typical step-down transformer.Figure 2.14 Flux on the transformer core.Figure 2.15 The ideal transformer.Figure 2.16 Voltage – current relationship of an ideal transformer.Figure 2.17 Phasor diagram.Figure 2.18 Circuit diagram.Figure 2.19 No load equivalent circuit.Figure 2.20 Equivalent circuit of a transformer under load in secondary side.Figure 2.21 Secondary circuit referred to the primary circuit.Figure 2.22 Primary circuit referred to the secondary circuit.Figure 2.23 Approximate equivalent circuit.Figure 2.24 Equivalent circuit.Figure 2.25 Voltage regulation of a transformer.Figure 2.26 Typical name plate rating of a transformer (Courtesy: Voltamp transf...Figure 2.27 Arrangement of a three-phase transformer.Figure 2.28 Star – Star configuration of three-phase transformer.Figure 2.29 Delta – Delta configuration of three-phase transformer.Figure 2.30 Star – Delta configuration of three-phase transformer.Figure 2.31 Delta – Star configuration of three-phase transformer.Figure 2.32 Winding configuration step-down auto transformer.Figure 2.33 Winding configuration step-up auto transformer.Figure 2.34 Typical oil type transformer.Figure 2.35 Typical dry type transformer.Figure 2.36 Typical power transformer.Figure 2.37 Silica gel.Figure 2.38 Cooling tubes.Figure 2.39 Low voltage side bushing of power transformer.Figure 2.40 High voltage side bushing of power transformer.Figure 2.41 Low voltage side – star point earthing of power transformer.Figure 2.42 Conservator tank of distribution transformer.Figure 2.43 Bushing of low voltage side of power transformer.Figure 2.44 Breather with silica gel.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Construction of the DC machine.Figure 3.2 Armature of the DC machine.Figure 3.3 Typical lap winding.Figure 3.4 Typical simple lap winding.Figure 3.5 Duplex lap winding.Figure 3.6 Typical wave winding.Figure 3.7 Construction of rotor.Figure 3.8 Fleming right-hand rule.Figure 3.9 Relation between the motion and flux.Figure 3.10 Main flux by permanent magnet.Figure 3.11 Flux produced by current carrying conductor.Figure 3.12 Conductor flux is opposed to the main flux.Figure 3.13 Direction of force.Figure 3.14 Fleming left hand.Figure 3.15Figure 3.16 Circuit model.Figure 3.17 Representation of DC generator.Figure 3.18 Circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator.Figure 3.19 DC shunt generator.Figure 3.20 Circuit diagram of DC series generator.Figure 3.21 Long shunt DC compound generator.Figure 3.22 Short shunt compound generator.Figure 3.23 No load characteristics at constant speed.Figure 3.24 No load characteristics for different speed.Figure 3.25 Circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator.Figure 3.26 Open circuit characteristics of separately excited DC generator.Figure 3.27 Load characteristics of separately excited DC generator.Figure 3.28 Internal and external characteristics.Figure 3.29 Circuit diagram of DC shunt generator.Figure 3.30 Internal characteristics.Figure 3.31 External characteristics.Figure 3.32 Circuit diagram of DC series motor.Figure 3.33 Characteristics of Ia or IL or Ise VS terminal voltage (Vt).Figure 3.34 Full load current VS terminal voltage (Vt).Figure 3.35 Winding connection of DC shunt motor.Figure 3.36 Winding connection of DC series motor.Figure 3.37 Long shunt DC compound motor.Figure 3.38 Short shunt compound motor.Figure 3.39 Torque vs. armature current characteristics of a DC shunt motor.Figure 3.40 Speed vs. armature current characteristics of a DC shunt motor.Figure 3.41 Speed vs. torque characteristics of a DC shunt motor.Figure 3.42 Torque vs. armature current characteristics of a DC series motor.Figure 3.43 Speed vs. armature current characteristics of a DC series motor.Figure 3.44 Speed vs. torque characteristics of a DC series motor.Figure 3.45 Torque vs. armature current characteristics of a DC compound motor.Figure 3.46 Speed vs. armature current characteristics of a DC compound motor.Figure 3.47 Speed vs. torque characteristics of a DC compound motor.Figure 3.48 Circuit diagram of three-point starter.Figure 3.49 Circuit diagram of four point starter.Figure 3.50 Circuit diagram of two-point starter.Figure 3.51 Circuit diagram for flux control-based DC shunt motor speed control.Figure 3.52 Speed vs. field current characteristics.Figure 3.53 Circuit diagram for armature voltage control-based DC shunt motor sp...Figure 3.54 Relationship of armature voltage and speed.Figure 3.55 Circuit diagram for applied voltage-based DC shunt motor speed contr...Figure 3.56 Circuit diagram for field diverter-based DC series motor speed contr...Figure 3.57 Characteristics of speed vs. armature current.Figure 3.58 Circuit diagram for armature diverter-based DC series motor speed co...Figure 3.59 Circuit diagram for tapped field-based DC series motor speed control...Figure 3.60 Circuit diagram for series connected field-based DC series motor spe...Figure 3.61 Circuit diagram for parallel connected field-based DC series motor s...Figure 3.62 Circuit diagram for rheostat-based DC series motor speed control.Figure 3.63 Relationship between speed vs. armature current.Figure 3.64 Circuit
