rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_fda301a5-1bb7-5332-a685-1fb972b58bd0">Figure 2.3. Processing the selected cores for the generation of samples in an an...Figure 2.4 Borehole BH11 drilling in Peña de Hierro. (Image credit: the authors)...Figure 2.5 Bacteria detected using the CARD-FISH probe EUB338-1 at 420 mbs. (Ima...Figure 2.6. Preservation of different traces of life in the oldest Rio Tinto ter...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Macroscopic aspect of black mud freshly collected from hypersaline me...Figure 3.2 Relative abundance estimation for major taxa in organic-rich sediment...Figure 3.3 Major steps of anaerobic organic matter degradation to methane, CO2 a...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Great Salt Lake is visible from space in its location in western Nor...Figure 4.2. Great Salt Lake (GSL) and Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF) in the context...Figure 4.3. Mineral formation at Great Salt Lake. (a) The beach is expansive as ...Figure 4.4. Evaporites on Earth and Mars. (a) Bonneville Salt Flats in the Great...Figure 4.5. Magnetic fields of Mars and Earth. (a) Schematic of the solar wind i...Figure 4.6. Analogue mineralogy: (a) Gypsum “box-work” at Gale Crater on Mars as...Figure 4.7. Halite crystals from Great Salt Lake. (a) Halite hopper crystals, co...Figure 4.8. Gypsum crystals contain haloarchaea. (a) Blade-like gypsum crystals ...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. The author (second from left) attired as a spaceman and budding astr...Figure 5.2. Three photographs of the playa of Searles Lake, California, with its...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Extremophiles and Extremotrophs by category. Characterizing the para...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Note the disappearance of sea ice at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsu...Figure 7.2 Progression of loss of sea ice from the edge of the Amundsen Sea from...Figure 7.3 Reduced pH around 300 to 450 meters where krill embryos develop. (Fig...Figure 7.4 Transect from 20 N to 65 N showing low oxygen (hypoxia zone) only in ...Figure 7.5 Transect from 20 N to 65 N, showing appearance of reduced oxygen zone...Figure 7.6 Typical vent community. (Figure courtesy of Dr. Fred Grassle).Figure 7.7 Giant tube worms Riftia pachyptila clustering on hydrothermal vent. (...Figure 7.8 Vent zoarcid fish Diplacanthaopora sp. with tube worm R. pachyptila i...Figure 7.9 (a) Rimicaris hybisae and (b) Rimicaris exoculata. (Figures courtesy ...Figure 7.10 Color image of a lava-rise pit formed by gradual thickening of a lav...Figure 7.11 Artist’s interpretation of ultra-abyssal life in the Puerto Rico Tre...Figure 7.12 Europa. (Image credit: NASA).Figure 7.13 Xenophyophore from the Galapagos Rift. The “giant amoeba” (belonging...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 E. Imre Friedmann and Maria Grilli Caiola while attending the Interna...Figure 8.2 E. Imre Friedmann’s letter on the history of desert strains of Chrooc...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Foton satellite with BIOPAN-5 facility orbiting the Earth. (Courtesy ...Figure 9.2 Opened Biopan-5 facility with experiment LICHENS surrounded in red. (...Figure 9.3 EXPOSE-E on the International Space Station with experiment LIFE. (Co...Figure 9.4 EXPOSE-R2 on the International Space Station with experiment BIOMEX. ...Figure 9.5 Lichens (a) Rhizocarpon geographicum and (b) Xanthoria elegans. (Imag...Figure 9.6 (a) Confocal scanning laser microscopy image showing high vitality of...Figure 9.7 The vagrant lichen species Circinaria gyrosa. (Courtesy of L. García ...Figure 9.8 LITHOPANSPERMIA/STONE Experiment: (left) Location at the heat shield ...Figure 9.9 LIFE experiment: Lichens thalli, lichens mycobionts cryptoendolithic ...Figure 9.10 (left) Zvezda module at International Space Station; (right) EXPOSE-...Figure 9.11 Percentage of activity of photosystem II of lichen species measured ...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1. Setup of the EXPOSE-R2 mission tray. (a) Close-up of a single-tray ...Figure 10.2. Survival of desiccated Hlm. muralis (a) and Hcc. morrhuae (b) cells...Figure 10.3. Survival of Hcc. morrhuae, embedded in a biofilm of Hlm. muralis an...Figure 10.4. Survival of Hcc. morrhuae (embedded in the biofilm of Hlm. muralis)...Figure 10.5. RAPD-PCR to visualize the damages accumulated in DNA of Hcc. morrhu...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1. (a) Sandstone slopes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (Southern Victoria ...Figure 11.2. Resistance to space-relevant radiation in dried condition. Cultivat...Figure 11.3. Understanding the role of melanin: Metabolic activity recovery afte...Figure 11.4. Resistance of C. antarcticus to simulated Mars-like conditions outs...Figure 11.5. BIOMEX experiment outside the ISS: TEM micrographs of cells of C. a...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Tardigrades in active hydrated state (left) and in the desiccated a...Figure 12.2. The ball and cup heuristics as used in resilience science to illust...Figure 12.3. The main results from the TARDIS experiment performed within the BI...
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Energetics of common hydrogen-utilizing microbial reactions in the ...Figure 14.2. Possible sources and sinks for methane on Mars. (Reprinted with per...Figure 14.3. Microbial iron redox cycling showing the co-dependent operation of ...Figure 14.4. A summary of the list of potential electron donors and acceptors av...
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1. Scheme of the conversion of a nonequilibrium prebiotic microsystem ...Figure 15.2. Pressure dynamics of water-steam mixture in well No. 30 in 2004 (Mu...Figure 15.3. Arising of embryo of the initial community in hydrothermal fluid mi...
15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. (a) Transmutation of species as depicted on page 36 of Darwin’s not...Figure 16.2. (a) Depicts a typical bilayer vesicle formed when (for example) dec...Figure 16.3.The depicted scale and typical results obtained by Schopf. (Credit: ...Figure 16.4. (a) Hot spring at Wai-O-Tapu park, New Zealand. (b) Example of blac...Figure 16.5. (a) Images showing examples of various endoliths; for example, the ...Figure 16.6. (a) Schematic illustration of the process of transformation. (b) Sc...Figure 16.7. (a) The phylogenetic tree of life is a theoretical construct to exp...Figure 16.8. (a) Shows that the evolutionary-time-frame is 2 units from the ance...
16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1. The tree of life. Humans and other eukaryotes are represented by th...Figure 17.2. If all extant cellular life on Earth were known to us, the last uni...Figure 17.3. The Deep Branch Fallacy. In tree 1, A and D are equally representat...
Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Fumarole sampling locations and physical properties.Table 1.2 Analysis of steam deposits in Hawai’i and Lassen fumaroles.1
2 Chapter
