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Questions
1. What are two types of bacterial killing mediated by complement?
2. In the activation of complement by the alternative pathway, the stabilization of one particular component is essential. What is this component? How is it stabilized?
3. Define opsonization and two components of the immune system that can act as opsonins. Are they acquired or are they are innate?
4. How do the functions of various activated complement components resemble the functions of cytokines and chemokines?
5. Why does the body have such a complex system (complement plus cytokines) for directing the activities of the phagocytes? What is this system trying to achieve?
6. Why are there two pathways for activating complement?
7. What is the point of using proteolytic cleavage to activate complement? Why not just have the molecules made in their active form?
8. Why does blood pressure fall during septic shock?
9. Why are antibiotics (chemicals that kill bacteria) ineffective after a certain point in the course of septic shock, even though the causative bacterium is susceptible to them? Make an educated guess as to why so many anticytokine therapeutic agents fail.
10. What kinds of evasive action could a bacterium take to prevent it from being killed by a phagocyte? (Hint: Consider the steps in the killing process.)
11. Why do neutrophils circulate in blood? Why not have them migrate permanently into tissue, as macrophages do?
12. Inflammation near the skin is characterized by redness and swelling. What causes these symptoms?
13. What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors and NOD proteins? Where are they located? How do they stimulate immune responses?
14. What might happen to individuals with genetic defects in the following molecules?
a. C3
b. C5
c. Factor B
d. MBL
e. TLR4
f. transferrin
15. What possible advantages would there be for the intracellular Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to grow within the cytosol of a phagocytic cell? What possible advantages would there be for Salmonella Typhimurium to reside within its own phagosomes?
16. Name three different specific immune mechanisms that enhance a phagocyte’s ability to clear a pathogen from the body. How do they each work to help phagocytic clearing of the pathogen?
17. What are the two primary functions of the lymphatic system?
18. NK cells play important functions in the innate immune response. Provide an explanation for each of the following statements:
a. NK cells kill infected host cells nonspecifically, but not randomly.
