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Revised and Updated 2nd Edition
Advanced Networks Set
coordinated by
Guy Pujolle
Volume 1
Software Networks
Virtualization, SDN, 5G and Security
Guy Pujolle
First edition published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., © ISTE Press Ltd 2015.
This edition published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
© ISTE Ltd 2020
The rights of Guy Pujolle to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019950464
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-458-2
Introduction
Currently, networking technology is experiencing its third major wave of revolution. The first was the move from circuit-switched mode to packet-switched mode, the second from hardwired to wireless mode, and finally the third revolution, which we will examine in this book, is the move from hardware to software mode. Let us briefly examine these three revolutions, before focusing more particularly on the third, which will be studied in detail in this book.
I.1. The first two revolutions
A circuit is a collection of hardware and software elements, allocated to two users – one at each end of the circuit. The resources of that circuit belong exclusively to those two users; nobody else can use them. In particular, this mode has been used in the context of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Indeed, telephone voice communication is a continuous application for which circuits are very appropriate.
A major change in traffic patterns brought about the first great revolution in the world of networks, pertaining to asynchronous and non-uniform applications. The data transported for these applications make only very incomplete use of circuits, but are appropriate for packet-switched mode. When a message needs to be sent from a transmitter to a receiver, the data for transmission are grouped together in one or more packets, depending on the total size of the message. For a short message, a single packet may be sufficient; however, for a long message, several packets are needed. The packets then pass through intermediate transfer nodes between the transmitter and the receiver, and ultimately make their way to the endpoint. The resources needed to handle the packets include memories, links between the nodes and sender/receiver. These resources are shared between all users. Packet-switched mode requires a physical architecture and protocols – i.e. rules – to achieve end-to-end communication. Many different architectural arrangements have been proposed, using protocol layers and associated algorithms. In the early days, each hardware manufacturer had their own architecture (e.g. SNA, DNA, DecNet, etc.). Then, the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model was introduced in an attempt to make all these different architectures mutually compatible. The failure of compatibility between hardware manufacturers, even with a common model, led to the re-adoption of one of the very first architectures introduced for packet-switched
