MESH: Orthodontics–methods | Tooth Diseases–therapy | Orthodontic AppliancesClassification: LCC RK521 (print) | LCC RK521 (ebook) | NLM WU 400 | DDC 617.6/43–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045137 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045138
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Dentist examining patiet © Victoria Spendlove, Dental x ray image © Ceri Davies, Teeth bonding © Ceri Davies
Foreword
It was a great honour to have been asked to prepare this foreword for the very first edition of a textbook specifically aimed at orthodontic therapists.
In the past decade, orthodontics as a whole has increased exponentially and hence the demand for orthodontic therapists has proportionally increased. They have to cover a large aspect of orthodontics, similar to a three‐year postgraduate orthodontic degree, but in a third the time and almost as much information!
I recommend this book to all orthodontic therapists as it is designed to impart clinical and theoretical knowledge effectively into daily clinical practice. Most importantly it has the best interests of existing and future generations of patients in mind.
The goal of the author has been to put forward information in a logical sequence that will help train both experienced and training therapists alike.
The layout facilitates ease of learning and clinical rationale.
Well done, Ceri!
Dr Shivani Patel
Specialist Orthodontist
BDS(Hons) MFDS RCPS MSc(Lond) IMOrth RCS FDS RCPS FICD(Hons)
London, May 2019
Success doesn’t just come and find you, you have to go out and get it
—KUSHANDWIZDOM
Acknowledgements
Firstly, I would like to give a very special thanks to Dr Monica Reinach, who has given me the opportunity to progress my career into becoming an orthodontic therapist. If it was not for Monica I would not be where I am today and I cannot thank her enough for all the support she has given me over the years I worked alongside her at Pure Orthodontics.
Another special thanks goes to Dr Hemant Patel and Chris Cook, my course tutors at university, in helping me to get this book published. All your help and time are very much appreciated. As well, thank you for all your help at university while I was training.
Dr Shivani Patel, your help has been truly appreciated and thank you for helping me in getting this book published.
Thank you to Chris Kimberly from The Specialist Orthodontic Services Lab in Manningtree, Essex, for providing me with some of the photographs used within the Removable Appliance section.
My final thanks go to my work colleagues, who helped me between my clinical sessions in allowing me to use them for some of the photographs in this book. Thank you to every single one of you.
1 History of Orthodontics
The practice of orthodontics, as we know it today, is not just about correcting the position of misaligned teeth, but has a long history behind it. Teeth are important to us, and even in ancient times they were of interest. Archaeologists have found attempts to straighten teeth on human skulls, which had wire wrapped around the teeth in an attempt to realign them. It has taken the knowledge and written works of many dentists and orthodontists to reach the current state of the science.
1.1 Orthodontics before the Twenty‐First Century
Modern orthodontics began developing around the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but was not known as a specialism until 1900. The appliances that were developed and used over that time were very different to the appliances we use today. A French dentist named Pierre Fauchard designed the first expansion appliance in 1723, which was known as the Bandeau. This consisted of a U‐shaped metal strip to which the teeth were ligated. The ligation helped to create expansion. In the late eighteenth century, an American dentist, Norman W. Kingsley, started using an early form of headgear, a traction device to help move teeth distally. The very first type of headgear was created in 1840 and was known as the chin cup. Removable appliances were not used much at this time due to the retention making stability poor. It was not until 1949, when Adams clasps were introduced, that their use became more widespread. A Dwinelle's jack screw was a popular screw to use within removable appliances in the nineteenth century, quite similar to the screws we use on patients today.
Functional appliances only started to be developed in 1879 and again this was by Norman W. Kingsley. The functionals we know today work by posturing the mandible forward, whereas Kingsley designed one that would make the bite jump into the desired position. After this, many more functional appliances were produced, some removable and others fixed. Examples of removable functionals are the monobloc by Pierre Robin in 1902, the medium opening activator by Viggo Andresen in 1990 and the Frankel functional appliances FR‐1, FR‐2 and FR3, all designed by Rolf Frankel in 1957. An example of a fixed functional is the Herbst, produced in 1905 by Emil Herbst. Clark's twin block is a very popular functional appliance, still used today due to being well tolerated by most patients. This was developed by William Clark and has been used since the 1980s. Fixed appliances were employed very regularly by 1970, although they were slightly different from those we use today.
Edward Angle produced a number of appliances, including in 1904 Angle's E (expansion) arch, which consisted of molar bands with a labial archwire connecting from one molar band to the other running across the labial aspect of the dentition. Teeth needing expansion were then ligated to the archwire. Around 1910 Angle realised that he needed more control of the teeth, so to gain this he developed the pin and tube appliance. Gold and platinum bands were used on all the teeth with a vertical tube soldered onto them, then a pin was used which passed through this tube, achieving tooth movement. The downside of this was that rotational movement and root parallelism were difficult to achieve due to the use of round archwires. The pins had to be removed and resoldered into a new position at every appointment. The ribbon arch was the next appliance that Angle developed in 1915. With this rotational movement was achievable due to the vertical bracket soldered onto each band. Raymond Begg was inspired by this appliance and went on to develop his lightwire technique from it. Five years before Angle died in 1930, his final invention was the edgewise appliance, which was a bracket with a horizontal slot that was identical for every tooth. Angle moved away from the vertical slot, since he found that using a horizontal slot meant rectangular archwires could be used and by placing bends this allowed three‐dimensional control of the teeth. The preadjusted edgewise appliance used today is based on Angle’s edgewise appliance.
During the twentieth century fixed appliances consisted of bands with brackets welded onto them. Bands were made chairside by using straight strips of stainless steel that were shaped for each individual tooth, but as you might imagine this was very time consuming. In 1930 these stainless steel bands began being sold ready made by the very first orthodontic supply company. The purpose of the bracket was to hold the archwire in place. Tooth movement was
