constant R [R = (PV/nT)].Table C.4 Selected properties of air.11 Appendix ETable E.1 Highlight and brief explanation about industrial hygiene types and tec...
12 Appendix GTable G.1 Waste composition: detailed results.
13 Appendix HTable H.1 Factors for constructing variables control charts.Table H.2 Process sigma conversion table.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Pollution prevention hierarchy.Figure 1.2 “Zero” waste manufacturing facility.Figure 1.3 Zero discharge (emissions) is a subset of industrial ecology (see S...Figure 1.4 Zero discharge is supported by an array of tools and methodologies.Figure 1.5 The interrelationship of sources, systems, and sinks for a linear (...Figure 1.6 The interrelationship of sources, systems, and sinks for a cyclic (...Figure 1.7 Metals‐specific Sherwood plot for waste streams: minimum concentrat...Figure 1.8 A Sherwood diagram showing the correlation between the selling pric...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 World's population growth over 100 years.Figure 2.2 Earth's temperature rise since industrialization over 100 years....Figure 2.3 Cuyahoga River caught fire.Figure 2.4 Nelson Tower showing the poor visibility.Figure 2.5 Source of pollution from Battersea Coal Power Plant, London.Figure 2.6 Cumulative growth in federal environmental laws and amendments in...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Discharge of untreated industrial wastewater to a river.Figure 3.2 The regions of the atmosphere
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 ISCO automatic programmable composite sampler.Figure 4.2 Profile and nomenclature of sharp‐crested weirs.Figure 4.3 Four common types of sharp‐crested weirs.Figure 4.4 Plan view and cross section of a Parshall flume.Figure 4.5 Free‐flowing Palmer‐Bowlus flume.Figure 4.6 (a) Configuration and nomenclature of a Venturi meter. (b) A pitot ...Figure 4.7 Electromagnetic flow meter.Figure 4.8 Mixing zone analysis with method of image in a shallow stream.Figure 4.9 Wastewater discharge plume in deep receiving waterbody.Figure 4.10 The DO sag curve derived from the Streeter–Phelps equation.Figure 4.11 A Kraft pulp and paper mill's wastewater treatment plant general f...Figure 4.12 Total maximum daily load (TMDL) – a contributing component. (a)Figure 4.13 Relative sizes of small particles in micrometers.Figure 4.14 Non‐attainment counties in the United States for NAAQS pollutants.Figure 4.15 A process train to measure PM emissions.Figure 4.16 Hazardous wastes from cradle to grave.Figure 4.17 Classification of wastes in India.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Generalized scenario for exposure by human to environmental pollu...Figure 5.2 Smog in Los Angeles, California.Figure 5.3 Environmental cause and effect for acid rain.Figure 5.4 (a) Trees killed by acid rain at Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina. ...Figure 5.5 Environmental risk assessment multipathways analysis.Figure 5.6 Diagrams of risk management for setting an environmental quality ...Figure 5.7 Toxic effects as a function of concentration and time. The functi...Figure 5.8 Toxic effects as a function of concentration and time, with time ...Figure 5.9 Toxic effects as a function of concentration and time, with acute...Figure 5.10 A Fluctuating ambient exposure concentration can be represented ...Figure 5.11 Toxic effects as a function of concentration and time with time ...Figure 5.12 Categorization of effects of NO2 on plants arrayed with respect ...Figure 5.13 (a) Ozone damage to radish plant resulting in smaller radish. (b...Figure 5.14 Plastic waste in River Thames in London.Figure 5.15 Plastics junk found in a dead whale.Figure 5.16 Dose–response function with no‐effect region.Figure 5.17 Lead shielding material thickness vs. radiation transmission.Figure 5.18 Concrete shielding material thickness vs. radiation transmission...Figure 5.19 Global atmospheric CO2 rise during last 60 years.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Environmental protection hierarchy.Figure 6.2 Life cycle stages (ISO 1997).Figure 6.3 Sample life cycle stages for industrial manufacturing process.Figure 6.4 Unit process input/output templateFigure 6.5 Relationship of interpretation steps with other phases of LCA (IS...Figure 6.6 Basic flow diagram for TMP process.Figure 6.7 Schematic diagram of a typical kraft‐sulfate pulping and recovery...Figure 6.8 Overview of the biopulping process showing how the biotreatment p...Figure 6.9 Continuous treatment system to decontaminate, cool, and inoculate...Figure 6.10 TRACI's global warming characterization for chemical‐, mechanica...Figure 6.11 Comparison of the relative effectiveness of chlorine and UV on b...Figure 6.12 Disinfection system cost comparison of an 18‐mgd facility.Figure 6.13 Life cycle energy balance.Figure 6.14 Net GHG emission.Figure 6.15 Emissions of PM, SOx, NOx, CH4, CO, and NMHCs.Figure 6.16 Total amount of nonrenewable resources consumed by the systems....
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Elements of TCI.Figure 7.2 Elements of TAC.Figure 7.3 Comparison of Picklex to conventional chromate conversion coating...Figure 7.4 Comparison of Picklex to conventional zinc phosphatizing.Figure 7.5 Effluent treatment system in Meadow Lake BCTMP mill.Figure 7.6 Schematic of a pulp and paper mill closed‐loop recycling system f...Figure 7.7 Flue‐gas flow rate vs. annualized control cost for PM.Figure 7.8 Flue‐gas flow rate vs. cost effectiveness ($/T) for PM using four...Figure 7.9 Example of supply curves to different kinds of biorenewable resou...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Pareto chart.Figure 8.2 Annotated boxplot.Figure 8.3 A dot diagram illustrates concentration variations but does not i...Figure 8.4 A time series plot of ethanol concentration provides more informa...Figure 8.5 Schematic diagram of process improvement using the control chart....Figure 8.6 A control chart set at ±3 standard deviations of the sample means...Figure 8.7 Control charts for Example 8.7.Figure 8.8 Benjamin Franklin.Figure 8.9 William (Bill) Boeing.Figure 8.10 Frederick Winslow Taylor.Figure 8.11 Henry Ford.Figure 8.12 Sakichi Toyoda.Figure 8.13 Jamsetji Tata.Figure 8.14 Schematic showing relationship of green elements of design and m...Figure 8.15 Schematic showing the elements to consider the environmental imp...Figure 8.16 Components of green and sustainable manufacturing including mach...Figure 8.17 Sustainability frame of reference.Figure 8.18 Five major components of the DMAIC model.Figure 8.19 Cost vs. quality analysis example.Figure 8.20 Safety and environmental risks associated with primary and secon...Figure 8.21 4P model of the Toyota way.Figure 8.22 Cost of quality.Figure 8.23 Iceberg model of cost of quality.Figure 8.24 Traditional management view vs. Six Sigma philosophy.Figure 8.25 PDCA cycle for environmental management process.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram of end‐of‐pipe and Zero‐Emission approaches....Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of the electron beam–ammonia conversion of SO2 ...Figure 9.3 An agroindustrial eco‐complex.Figure 9.4 Materials and energy flow in an EIP in North Texas, USA.Figure 9.5 Schematic diagram of an EIP to produce giga‐watt solar PV.Figure 9.6 Examples of interrelationships between water and energy. Source: ...Figure 9.7 Hybrid Sankey diagram of 2011 US interconnected water and energy ...Figure 9.8 Representative problem/opportunity
