rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_9238e995-a626-595e-8e9d-599322a433b7">Protestant Reformation
Background
Mainline and Radical Reformation
Martin Luther
Huldrich Zwingli
John Calvin
Reformation in England
Catholic Reformation
Conflicts among the Protestant Reformers
Assessment
References
8 New Horizons
Rise of the Nation‐States
Spain
France
England
Holy Roman Empire
Exploration and Discovery
Scientific Revolution
From Copernicus to Newton
Bacon and Descartes
Significance of the Scientific Revolution
References
9 Age of Enlightenment and Revolution
Enlightenment
Enlightenment Political Theory
Social Contract Theorists
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean‐Jacques Rousseau
Montesquieu
Enlightened Despotism
French Revolution and Napoleon
Background
Moderate Phase, 1789–1791
Radical Phase, 1792–1794
End of the Terror and Return of the Moderates, 1794–1799
Napoleonic Period, 1799–1815
Enlightened Despot
Empire
References
7 Part IV: Nineteenth Century: An Overview 10 Europe’s Great Powers in the Nineteenth Century Vienna Congress Concert System Latin America, Britain, and the United States Greek War for Independence Decembrist Revolt Revolutions of 1830–1832 Revolutions of 1848 France Germany Austria Rome Why the Revolutions Failed Unification of Italy and Germany Italy Germany Paris Commune References 11 Industrial Revolution Origins A Second Industrial Revolution Free Trade Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society Child Labor Women Urbanization Responses to Industrialization Early Reform Efforts Marxism and the Working Class Marxism's Appeal Orthodoxy and Revision Socialism in Britain Anarchism References 12 Nineteenth‐Century Intellect and Culture Romanticism Romantic Revolt and Immanuel Kant's Idealism A Second Scientific Revolution Darwin and Evolution Reaction to Darwin's Theory of Evolution Christian
