energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4...Figure 8.6 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4 − μ0HM...Figure 8.7 Domain structures in cubic (a) and hexagonal (b) structured ferroma...Figure 8.8 Domain wall structures of (a) Bloch‐type ferromagnetic domain walls...Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of origin of the AMR effect, (a) high and (b) low...Figure 8.10 Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr superlattice showing the change in the ...Figure 8.11 (a) Diagram showing the superlattice structure of ferromagnetic Fe...Figure 8.12 Hybrid probe: eddy current testing (ECT) coil with GMR sensor.Figure 8.13 Diagram of spin‐dependent TMR effect in parallel (left) and antipa...Figure 8.14 Diagram of (a) a conventional MRAM cell and (b) STT‐RAM cell memor...Figure 8.15 Terfenol‐D crystal orientation where [112] is the rod direction an...Figure 8.16 Illustration of the relationship among the spontaneous magnetostri...Figure 8.17 The magnetic (a) hysteresis loops and (b) magnetostrictive strain ...Figure 8.18 Schematic diagram of a magnetic field‐driven ultrasonic transducer...Figure 8.19 Schematic diagram of force sensor using Metglas core.Figure 8.20 (a) Schematic diagram of VSM system and M–H loops of two mag...Figure 8.21 Diagram of a DC SQUID.Figure 8.22 (a) Schematic diagram of MFM mechanism and (b) MFM image of a magn...Figure 8.23 Schematic illustration showing the optical experiment for observin...Figure 8.24 (a) Ordinary Hall effect and (b) anomalous Hall effect (AHE). B is...Figure 8.25 (a) Spin Hall effect and (b) inverse spin Hall effect, σ deno...9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Illustration of multiferroics with expected P–H and M–EFigure 9.2 Relationship between ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, multiferroics,...Figure 9.3 Ferroelectric hysteresis loops of epitaxial BFO thin films along di...Figure 9.4 (a) Crystal structure of rhombohedral BFO and its ferroelectric pol...Figure 9.5 Domain structures in BFO with (a) 71°, (b) 109°, and (c) 180° domai...Figure 9.6 (a) G‐type antiferromagnetic plane of BFO is perpendicular to the f...Figure 9.7 (a) original polarization, (b) after 71° rotation, (c) after 109° r...Figure 9.8 (a) Schematic diagram of the composite (tp is the thickness of the ...Figure 9.9 (a) Photograph of a Metglas/PVDF laminate, (b) the unimorph, and (c...Figure 9.10 Temperature‐dependent magnetization in self‐assembled nanostructur...Figure 9.11 (a) Theoretical ME coupling effect in nano and bulk systems with 1...Figure 9.12 (a) Low‐magnification TEM images of 11‐layered PZT/CFO nanocomposi...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Various laminates operated in longitudinal vibration mode: L‐longi...Figure 10.2 Magnetoelastic–electric equivalent circuit at resonance.Figure 10.3 Schematic diagram of the ME laminate composite device with Terfeno...Figure 10.4 Schematic diagram of an automated ME measurement system.Figure 10.5 (a) Electrical impedance (Z) and phase angle (θ) spectra for ...Figure 10.6 VME (V3 is the voltage across the piezoelectric plate) as a functi...Figure 10.7 Magnetoelectric voltage coefficient MEV as a function of dc bias m...Figure 10.8 Schematic diagram of a stress‐biased PMN‐PT single crystal/Terfeno...Figure 10.9 Frequency dependence of MEv as a function of preloading stress for...Figure 10.10 MERAM based on exchange‐bias coupling between a multiferroic that...Figure 10.11 Schematic, TEM image (inset) and voltage output of an ME read hea...Figure 10.12 Schematic illustration of artificial multiferroic tunnel junction...Figure 10.13 Schematic diagram of low‐field MFTJ.Figure 10.14 Electroresistance change of MFTJ at 40 K for 10 cycles. The corre...Figure 10.15 Magnetism of NiFe and LSMO showing the hysteresis loops.Figure 10.16 (a) Resistance changes with different magnetic fields at 8 K show...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1Figure 11.1 Ferroelastic hysteresis and atomic switching in Pb3(PO4Figure 11.2 (a) Austenite phase (B2) and (b) martensite lattice structure (B19...Figure 11.3 Lattice cell of NiTi and four martensite variants developed from o...Figure 11.4 A schematic diagram of a typical differential scanning calorimeter...Figure 11.5 Typical transformation–temperature curve of NiTi SMA under constan...Figure 11.6 Shape memory effect in a uniaxial SMA.Figure 11.7 Illustration of (a) one‐way and (b) two‐way memory effects.Figure 11.8 Stress–strain curve illustrating superelastic behavior of SMA when...Figure 11.9 Glasses made of shape memory alloy.Figure 11.10 Illustrations of Ni2MnGa structured models: (a) 3D cubic structur...Figure 11.11 Schematic illustrations of (a) martensitic transformation and (b)...Figure 11.12 A typical twin variants with the 90° and the 180° magnetic domain...Figure 11.13 Schematic illustrations of a Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal under increa...Figure 11.14 MFIS dependence of applied magnetic field illustrates the change ...Figure 11.15 (a) Schematic diagram of the proposed heterostructure. (b) CME co...
Guide
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2 Table of Contents
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