λ =...Figure 2.18 Effect of initial mixture temperature on AFT of liquid octane (C8H...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 First law representation of the heat engine.Figure 3.2 The generalised cycle in (a) p − V and (b) T − s...Figure 3.3 T − s diagram of the generalised cycle (a) spec...Figure 3.4 The Otto cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.5 Thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle as a function of compression r...Figure 3.6 Mean effective pressure of the Otto cycle as a function of compress...Figure 3.7 Mean effective pressure of the Otto cycle as a function of ratio of...Figure 3.8 The Diesel cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.9 Thermal efficiency of the Diesel cycle: (a) as a function ɛ and γ a...Figure 3.10 Mean effective pressure of the Diesel cycle as a function of compr...Figure 3.11 Mean effective pressure of the Diesel cycle as a function of β, ɛ,...Figure 3.12 The dual cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.13 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle and β as functions of α at gi...Figure 3.14 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle and β as functions of α ...Figure 3.15 Thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure of the dual cycle a...Figure 3.16 Carpet plot for the effect of α, β, and ɛ on the thermal efficienc...Figure 3.17 Carpet plot for the effect of α, β, and ɛ on the mean effective pr...Figure 3.18 Effect of compression ratio on cycle pressures p2and p3 (qin= ...Figure 3.19 p − V diagrams for the dual cycle at three com...Figure 3.20 Effect of the compression ratio on the temperatures of four points...Figure 3.21 Comparison of the thermal efficiency for the Otto, Diesel, and dua...Figure 3.22 Comparison of the mean effective pressures of the Otto, Diesel, an...Figure 3.23 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...Figure 3.24 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged engine with constant‐pressure t...Figure 4.2 Combined dual cycle and constant‐pressure turbine cycle in p − V...Figure 4.3 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with constant‐pressure tu...Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged engine with variable‐pressure t...Figure 4.5 Combined dual cycle and variable‐pressure turbine cycle in p‐V and ...Figure 4.6 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle with variable‐pressure turboch...Figure 4.7 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with variable‐pressure tu...Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram of a supercharged engine: E, engine; G, gearing; ...Figure 4.9 Supercharged dual combustion cycle in p − V and T...Figure 4.10 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle with supercharging (εcomp = 1...Figure 4.11 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with supercharging (εcom...Figure 4.12 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged and intercooled engine: E, eng...Figure 4.13 p − V and T − s diagrams for...Figure 4.14 p − V and T − s diagrams for...Figure 4.15 Schematic diagram of a supercharged engine with intercooling: E, e...Figure 4.16 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...Figure 4.17 Comparison of the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure o...Figure 4.18 Effect of the pressure ratio in the compressor on the performance ...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Dual fuel‐air cycle.Figure 5.2 Combustion processes in fuel‐air cycles: (a) dual‐combustion (b) co...Figure 5.3 Comparison of the air‐standard and fuel‐air dual cycles.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Indicator diagrams of a CI engine at partial load operating at 2000...Figure 6.2 Four‐stroke engine induction (a, c) and compression (b, d) processe...Figure 6.3 Four‐stroke engine combustion/expansion (a, c) and exhaust (b, d) p...Figure 6.4 Two‐stroke engine processes: compression 5 − 1 (a...Figure 6.5 Two‐stroke engine processes: exhaust only 2 − 3 (...Figure 6.6 Practical cycle model of the compression ignition engine: (a) raw p...Figure 6.7 Pressure drop during induction process in four‐stroke piston engine...Figure 6.8 Fuel injection and combustion schemes in CI engines: (a, b, c, d) d...Figure 6.9 Calculated practical cycle and measured p − V dia...Figure 6.10 Practical cycle model of the SI engine.Figure 6.11 Fuel delivery and combustion scheme in an actual SI engine.Figure 6.12 Calculated practical cycle and measured p‐V diagram for a SI engin...Figure 6.13 Practical cycle model for a low‐speed CI engine.Figure 6.14 Comparison of the air‐standard, fuel‐air, and practical dual‐combu...Figure 6.15 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.16 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.17 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.18 Schematic diagrams of pressure development during combustion: (a) Figure 6.19 Schematic diagram of the application of the Wiebe function to comb...Figure 6.20 Piston‐crank mechanism of the reciprocating engine.Figure 6.21 Comparison of estimated heat‐transfer coefficients in reciprocatin...Figure 6.22 Heat‐release characteristics for a SI engine (16 kW @ 4000 rpm): (...Figure 6.23 Calculated and predicted indicator diagrams for a SI engine (16 kWFigure 6.24 Heat‐release characteristics for a CI engine (57.6 kW @ 2200 rpm):...Figure 6.25 Calculated and predicted indicator diagrams for a CI engine (57.6 Figure 6.26 Double Wiebe representation of the experimental heat‐release rate ...Figure 6.27 Some CFD modelling results for a direct injection compression igni...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) Piston‐connecting rod‐crankshaft assembly of a six‐cylinder inl...Figure 7.2 Schematic of the piston‐crank mechanism with the definitions used i...Figure 7.3 Kinematics of the reciprocating CI engine (R = 59 mm, τ = 0.325...Figure 7.4 Dynamically equivalent mass distribution of the piston‐crank mechan...Figure 7.5 Forces acting at the piston pin and crank pin: (a) direct forces; (...Figure 7.6 Forces acting on the piston pin at A in a CI engine (D = 104 mm, pm...Figure 7.7 Forces acting on the crank pin at B in a CI engine (D = 104 mm, pma...Figure 7.8 Forces and moments acting on the crankshaft supports at O.Figure 7.9 The resultant force Fcp acting on the crank pin at B.Figure 7.10 Force N versus force Ft for a CI engine: (a) 2000 rpm; (b) 4000 rp...Figure 7.11 Schematic diagram for the determination of Fcp from the polar diag...Figure 7.12 Polar diagram for the SI engine in Table 7.1.Figure 7.13 Construction of the crank pin wear diagram.Figure 7.14 Force Fcp as a function of crank angle θ.Figure 7.15 Determination of the resultant force Fc acting on the crankshaft b...Figure 7.16 Forces acting on a crankshaft with two cranks at an angle of 120°.Figure 7.17 Inline‐type engines: (a) four‐cylinder engine with γ = 180°; (b) s...Figure 7.18 (a) V‐engines with articulated connecting rod; (b) side‐by‐side co...Figure 7.19 Eight‐cylinder V 90° engine.Figure 7.20 Cycle overlap and firing sequence of an eight‐cylinder V‐type engi...Figure 7.21 Construction of the resultant torque for a four‐stroke, four‐cylin...Figure 7.22 Effect of the number of cylinders on the torque profile and mean t...Figure 7.23 Effect of the number of cylinders on the mean torque and torque un...Figure 7.24 Fluctuations of the torque and angular velocity of a multi‐cylinde...Figure 7.25 Balancing a single‐cylinder engine: (a) centrifugal inertial force...Figure 7.26 Balancing a two‐cylinder inline engine.Figure 7.27 Inertia forces in a two‐cylinder V‐engine.Figure 7.28 Balancing forces and moments in an eight‐cylinder V‐engine: (a) fr...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Parameters of actual engine cycles: (a) SI engine; (b) CI engine.Figure 8.2 p‐V indicator diagrams of pumping losses in naturally aspirated eng...Figure 8.3 Variable‐speed characteristics: (a) SI engine; (b) CI engine. (1 – ...Figure 8.4 Variable‐power characteristics of a typical automotive SI engine.Figure 8.5 Effect of test conditions on engine brake power at different speeds...Figure 8.6 Variation of engine parameters with engine speed at full throttle.Figure 8.7 Indicated efficiency ηi and the ratio ηi/α versus th...Figure 8.8 SI engine performance characteristics: S = 95.25 mm, D = 86.36 mm, ...Figure 8.9 3‐D representation of the load characteristics of an SI engine: N =...Figure 8.10 2‐D load characteristics of the SI engine in Figure 8.9.Figure 8.11 Fuel map for an SI engine derived using Eq. (8.41).Figure 8.12 3‐D representation of the power characteristics for a CI engine: NFigure 8.13 2‐D power characteristics of a CI engine for the ranges N = 800–22...Figure 8.14 Fuel map for the generic CI engine derived from Eq. 8.42
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Simple gas turbine cycle: (a) engine schematic;
