along with (20S)-3β-hydroxylupan-30-al, 30-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-3-one, 30-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-3β-ol, atranorin, methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoate, sitosterol-3β-O-glucoside, and linoleic acid were isolated from Acacia mellifera (Mutai et al. 2007). Two new diterpenes, (13E)-labd-13-ene-3β,8α,15-triol and (13E)-3β,8α-dihydroxylabd-13-en-15-oic acid sclareol, 13-epi-sclareol, and (13E)-labd-13-ene-8α,15-diol were also isolated from Acacia sp. (Forster et al. 1985). The triacontanol, β-sitosterol palmitate, β-sitosterol, squalene, norphytane, nonaprenol, lupenone, lupeol, daphnetin, catechin, epigallocatechin, eriodictyol, β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and stigmasteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from Acacia pennatula (Rios 2005). A yellow pigment as chalcononaringenin 2′-[O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-xyloside] has been isolated from flowers of Acacia dealbata (Imperato 1982). The gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, catechol, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, leucocyanidin, and ellagic acid were isolated from Acacia species (Elgailani and Ishak 2016).
2.2.2 Culture Conditions
The yield of gum was increased in tissue cultures of Acacia nubeculosus by feeding ferrous, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen contents, but no significant enhancement was recorded by feeding of phosphorus and manganese contents. The addition of Aspergillus flavus (elicitor) alone or in combination with Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes increased the yield of gum higher than control (Khalil et al. 2011). In the presence of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium, the calli were formed by shoot explants (Correia and Graça 1995; Yasodha et al. 2004). Proper collection of explants with the right stages of development along with plant growth regulators induce better growth of calli Acacia species (Vengadesan et al. 2002; Quoirin 2003).
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