alt="images"/> =0...Figure 9.6 Simulation results when controlling the real power. (a) Frequencies...Figure 9.7 Experiment results: controlling the DC‐bus voltage. (a) Frequencies...Figure 9.8 Experiment results: controlling the power. (a) Grid and internal fr...10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Typical configuration of a turbine‐driven DFIG connected to the gr...Figure 10.2 A model of an ancient Chinese south‐pointing chariot (WIKIpedia 20...Figure 10.3 A differential gear that illustrates the mechanics of a DFIG, wher...Figure 10.4 The electromechanical model of a DFIG connected to the grid.Figure 10.5 Controller to operate the GSC as a GS‐VSM.Figure 10.6 Controller to operate the RSC as a RS‐VSG.Figure 10.7 Connection of the GS‐VSM to the grid.Figure 10.8 Synchronization and connection of the RS‐VSG to the grid.Figure 10.9 Operation of the DFIG‐VSG.Figure 10.10 Experimental results of the DFIG‐VSG during synchronization proce...Figure 10.11 Experimental results during the normal operation of the DFIG‐VSG.
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Three typical earthing networks in low‐voltage systems.Figure 11.2 Generic equivalent circuit for analyzing leakage currents.Figure 11.3 Equivalent circuit for analyzing leakage current of a grid‐tied co...Figure 11.4 A conventional half‐bridge inverter. (a) Topology. (b) Average cir...Figure 11.5 A transformerless PV inverter. (a) Topology. (b) Average circuit m...Figure 11.6 Controller for the neutral leg.Figure 11.7 Controller for the inverter leg.Figure 11.8 Real‐time simulation results of the transformerless PV inverter in...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 STATCOM connected to a power system. (a) Sketch of the connection....Figure 12.2 A typical two‐axis control strategy for a PWM based STATCOM using ...Figure 12.3 A synchronverter based STATCOM controller.Figure 12.4 Single‐line diagram of the power system used in the simulations.Figure 12.5 Detailed model of the STATCOM used in the simulations.Figure 12.6 Connecting the STATCOM to the grid. (a)
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Per‐phase diagram with the Kron‐reduced network approach.Figure 13.2 Phase portraits of the controller. (a) The frequency dynamics. (b)...Figure 13.3 The controller to achieve bounded frequency and voltage.Figure 13.4
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The controller of the original synchronverter.Figure 14.2 Active power regulation in a conventional synchronverter after dec...Figure 14.3 Properties of the active power loop of a conventional synchronvert...Figure 14.4 VSM with virtual inertia and virtual damping.Figure 14.5 The small‐signal model of the active‐power loop with a virtual ine...Figure 14.6 Implementations of a virtual damper. (a) Through impedance scaling...Figure 14.7 A VSM in a microgrid connected to a stiff grid.Figure 14.8 Normalized frequency response of a VSM with reconfigurable inertia...Figure 14.9 Effect of the virtual damping (
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Block diagrams of a conventional PLL. (a) Operational concept. (b)...Figure 15.2 Enhanced phase‐locked loop (EPLL) or sinusoidal tracking algorithm...Figure 15.3 Power delivery to a voltage source through an impedance.Figure 15.4 Conventional droop control scheme for an inductive impedance. (a) ...Figure 15.5 Conventional droop control strategies. (a) For resistive impedance...Figure 15.6 Linking the droop controller in Figure 15.4(b) and the (inductive)...Figure 15.7 Droop control strategies in the form of a phase‐locked loop. (a) W...Figure 15.8 The conventional droop controller shown in Figure 15.4(a) after ad...Figure 15.9 The synchronization capability of the droop controller shown in Fi...Figure 15.10 Connection of the droop controlled inverter to the grid.Figure 15.11 Regulation of the grid frequency and voltage in the droop mode.Figure 15.12 Robustness of synchronization against DC‐bus voltage changes. (a)...Figure 15.13 System response when the operation mode was changed.
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 A single‐phase inverter. (a) Used for physical implementation. (...Figure 16.2 Controller to achieve a resistive output impedance.Figure 16.3 Controller to achieve a capacitive output impedance.Figure 16.4 Typical output impedances of L‐, R‐, and C‐inverters.Figure 16.5 Two R‐inverters operated in parallel.Figure 16.6 Conventional droop control scheme for R‐inverters.Figure 16.7 Experimental results: two R‐inverters in parallel with conventio...Figure 16.8 Robust droop controller for R‐inverters.Figure 16.9 Experimental results for the case with a linear load when invert...Figure 16.10 Experimental results for the case with a linear load when inver...Figure 16.11 Experimental results for the case with the same per‐unit impeda...Figure 16.12 Experimental results with a nonlinear load: with the robust dro...Figure 16.13 Robust droop controller for C‐inverters.Figure 16.14 Experimental results of C‐inverters (left column) and R‐inverte...Figure 16.15 Experimental results of C‐inverters (left column) and R‐inverte...Figure 16.16 Robust droop controller for L‐inverters.Figure 16.17 Experimental results of L‐inverters with a linear load: with th...Figure 16.18 Experimental results of L‐inverters with a nonlinear load: with...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The model of a single‐phase inverter.Figure 17.2 The closed‐loop system consisting of the power flow model of an ...Figure 17.3 Interpretation of transformation matrices
