The Central Role of Adenosine Triphosphate
6.4 Chemiosmosis and Energy Acquisition
6.5 What Types of Electron Donors and Acceptors Can Be Used?
6.6 Aerobic Respiration
6.7 Anaerobic Respiration
6.8 Fermentation
6.9 Chemoautotrophs: Changing the Electron Donor
6.10 Energy from Light: Photosynthesis
6.11 Oxygenic Photosynthesis
6.12 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
6.13 Rhodopsins and Photosynthesis
6.14 Evolution of Photosynthesis
6.15 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
6.16 Microbial Mats – Energy-Driven Zonation in Life
6.17 The Thermodynamics of Energy Acquisition and Life
6.18 Energy and Life in Extremes
6.19 Conclusions
Bibliography
10 7 The Limits of Life 7.1 The Limits of Life 7.2 The Importance of the Limits of Life for Astrobiology 7.3 The Most Extreme Conditions are Dominated by Microbes 7.4 Life at High Temperatures 7.5 Life at Low Temperatures 7.6 Salt-Loving Organisms 7.7 pH Extremes 7.8 Life Under High Pressure 7.9 Tolerance to High Radiation 7.10 Life in Toxic Brews 7.11 Rocks as a Habitat 7.12 Polyextremophiles – Dealing with Multiple Extremes 7.13 Life Underground 7.14 Dormancy in Extreme Conditions 7.15 Eukaryotic Extremophiles 7.16 Are There Other Biospheres with Different Limits? 7.17 The Limits of Life: Habitability Revisited 7.18 Conclusions Bibliography
11 8 The Tree of Life 8.1 A Vast Quantity of Life 8.2 Evolution and a “Tree of Life” 8.3 Classifying Organisms 8.4 The Tree of Life and Some Definitions 8.5 Problems with Classification: Homology and Analogy 8.6 Building a Phylogenetic Tree Using Genetic Material 8.7 Types of Phylogenetic Trees 8.8 A Modern View of the Tree of Life 8.9 Using Phylogenetic Trees to Test Hypotheses 8.10 Complications in Building Trees 8.11 Origin of Eukaryotes 8.12 The Last Universal Common Ancestor 8.13 Multiple Origins of Life? 8.14 Alien Life 8.15 Conclusions Bibliography
12 9 The Universe, the Solar System, and the Elements of Life 9.1 Our Cosmic Situation 9.2 In the Beginning: The Formation of the Universe 9.3 Stellar Evolution: Low-Mass Stars 9.4 Stellar Evolution: High-Mass Stars 9.5 The Elements of Life 9.6 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram 9.7 The Sun Is a Blackbody 9.8 The Formation of Planets 9.9 Types of Objects in Our Solar System 9.10 Meteorites and Their Classification 9.11 Laws Governing the Motion of Planetary Bodies 9.12 Conclusions Bibliography
13 10 Astrochemistry: Carbon in Space 10.1 Astrochemistry: Carbon Molecules in Space 10.2 Observing Organics 10.3 In the Beginning
