Insanity, 142.58 58. Haslam, Observations on Madness, 265.
59 59. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Text-Book of Insanity, trans. Charles Gilbert Chaddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1904), 302.
60 60. Zimmerman, Solitude, 158.
61 61. Gordon Campbell, The Hermit in the Garden (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 96–144; Edward S. Harwood, ‘Luxurious Hermits: Asceticism, Luxury and Retirement in the Eighteenth-Century English Garden’, Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 20, 4 (2000): 274–8. On the hiring of a hermit to occupy the cave complex created on the Hawkstone Estate in 1783, see Robert Macfarlane, Mountains of the Mind (London: Granta Books, 2003), 151.
62 62. Rev. Joseph Milner, The History of the Church of Christ, 3 vols (1794–1809; new edn, London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1847), vol. 1, 554–5.
63 63. Louis F. Peck, A Life of Matthew G. Lewis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), 11–13; Joseph James Irwin, M. G. ‘Monk’ Lewis (Boston: Twayne, 1976), 35–59.
64 64. On the writing of The Monk and its German sources, see Matthew G. Lewis, The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis, 2 vols (London: Henry Colburn, 1839), vol. 1, 73; André Parreaux, The Publication of The Monk: A Literary Event 1796–1798 (Paris: Libraire Marcel Didier, 1960), 26–31; Syndy Conger, Matthew G. Lewis, Charles Robert Maturin and the Germans (Salzburg: Institut für Englische Sprache und Literatur, 1977), 12–159; D. L. Macdonald, Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 76–80, 91–127.
65 65. Denis Diderot, Memoirs of a Nun (La Religieuse), trans. Francis Birrell (1796; London: George Routledge, 1928), 60.
66 66. Matthew Lewis, The Monk (1796; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 53–4.
67 67. Lewis, The Monk, 440.
68 68. Lewis, Life and Correspondence, 151–2. See, for instance, the contemporary review by Coleridge: [Samuel Taylor Coleridge], ‘Lewis’s Romance of the Monk’, The Critical Review, XIX (February 1797): 195, 197.
69 69. Parreaux, Publication of The Monk, 63–70. On the widespread and immediate popularity of cheap versions of the novel, see Carolyn Steedman, An Everyday Life of the English Working Class: Work, Self and Sociability in the Early Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 31.
70 70. Samuel-Auguste Tissot, Onanism, trans. A. Hume (1760; London: T. Pridden, 1766), 22. On the subsequent debate, see Thomas W. Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation (New York: Zone Books, 2003).
71 71. Tissot, Onanism, 129.
72 72. Zimmermann’s emphasis on this issue is discussed in Margaret Mary Wood, Paths of Loneliness: The Individual Isolated in Modern Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), 6–7.
73 73. Zimmerman, Solitude, 62–3.
74 74. Zimmerman, Solitude, 312.
75 75. Zimmerman, Solitude, 169.
76 76. Zimmerman, Solitude, 162.
77 77. Zimmerman, Solitude, 21.
78 78. Zimmerman, Solitude, 169–70.
79 79. Zimmerman, Solitude, 12.
80 80. Zimmerman, Solitude, 193. On his unhappy residence in Brugg, see Tissot, Life of Zimmerman, 28. Brugg (often anglicized to Brug) had a population of around a thousand at this time.
81 81. MacPherson, The Spirit of Solitude, 56.
82 82. Zimmerman, Solitude, 90.
83 83. Klein, ‘Sociability, Solitude, and Enthusiasm’, 164–7.
84 84. John Thelwall, The Peripatetic; Or, Sketches of the Heart, of Nature and Society (London: for the author, 1793), 8.
85 85. Michael Harris, Solitude: In Pursuit of a Singular Life in a Crowded World (London: Random House, 2017), 7.
86 86. James Vernon, Distant Strangers: How Britain Became Modern (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 19.
87 87. John Milton, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643), republished as John Milton, Divorce: In Two Books (London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1820), 17.
88 88. Oxford English Dictionary. See also the discussion in Kevin Lewis, Lonesome: The Spiritual Meanings of American Solitude (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 4.
89 89. Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto III, verse LXII, lines 590–4.
90 90. Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto III, verse LXVIII, lines 648–51.
91 91. On the increasing incidence of the term, which was almost unknown in the eighteenth century, see Fay Bound Alberti, ‘This “Modern Epidemic”: Loneliness as an Emotion Cluster and a Neglected Subject in the History of Emotions’, Emotion Review, 10, 3 (July 2018): 3–5.
92 92. A Christmas Episode from Master Humphrey’s Clock (11 April 1840), in Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Writings, intro. and notes by Michael Slater (London: Penguin Classics, 2010), 20, 22. For a similar discussion of ‘solitude’ as a friendless state in the metropolis, see William Hazlitt, ‘London Solitude’, in New Writings of William Hazlitt, ed. Duncan Wu, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), vol. 2, 354–5.
93 93. G. K. Chesterton, ‘On Loneliness’, in Come to Think of It … : A Book of Essays (London: Methuen, 1930): 82.
94 94. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, ‘On Loneliness’, in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Selected Papers of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, ed. Dexter M. Bullard (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 326.
95 95. Anthony Storr, Solitude (1989; London: HarperCollins, 1997), ix.
96 96. Ira J. Cohen, Solitary Action: Acting on Our Own in Everyday Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 2.
97 97. James Daybell, The Material Letter in Early Modern England: Manuscript Letters and the Culture and Practices of Letter-Writing, 1512–1625 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 20; Gemma Allen, The Cooke Sisters: Education, Piety and Politics in Early Modern England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), 8–9.
98 98. Susan Whyman, The Pen and the People: English Letter-Writers 1660–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 9–10. Also David Vincent, Privacy: A Short History (Cambridge: Polity, 2016), 47.
99 99. Tissot, Life of Zimmerman, 100.
100 100. David Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 32–49.
101 101. See, for instance, Diana Senechal, Republic of Noise: The Loss of Solitude in Schools and Culture (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 34.
102 102. [Daniel Defoe], Serious Reflections during the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the Angelick World. Written by Himself, ed. G. A. Starr (1720; London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008). The novel was not a literary success, and was not reprinted in full until 1895.
103 103. [Defoe], Serious Reflections, 61.
104 104.
