Table of Contents
1 Cover
4 1 Systems and safety: MR hardware and fields INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF MRI OPERATION MRI HARDWARE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OTHER MEDICAL DEVICES CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
5 2 Let’s get physical: fields and forces BASIC LAWS OF MAGNETISM MAGNETIC MATERIALS FORCES AND TORQUE LORENTZ AND HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES LAWS OF INDUCTION CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
6 3 Bio‐effects 1: static field INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL MECHANISMS CELLULAR EFFECTS ANIMAL EFFECTS EPIDEMIOLOGY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ACUTE SENSORY EFFECTS COGNITIVE EFFECTS STATIC FIELD EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
7 4 Bio‐effects 2: time‐varying gradient fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION ELF TIME‐VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS MAGNETIC STIMULATION PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION IN MRI EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
8 5 Bio‐effects 3: radio‐frequency fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION TISSUE HEATING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS RF EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
9 6 Acoustic noise INTRODUCTION GENERATION OF ACOUSTIC NOISE IN MRI MEASURING NOISE: dB(A), dB(C), dB(Z) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN HEARING MRI NOISE EXPOSURE REDUCING ACOUSTIC NOISE IN PRACTICE HEARING PROTECTION ACOUSTIC NOISE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
10 7 Pregnancy INTRODUCTION CELLULAR EFFECTS AND ANIMAL STUDIES HUMAN STUDIES AND EPIDEMIOLOGY GADOLINIUM‐BASED CONTRAST AGENTS EXPOSURE LIMITS AND GUIDANCE CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
11 8 Contrast agents INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CONTRAST REACTIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
