19 Appendix 2: Maths toolkit COORDINATE SYSTEMS VECTOR ALGEBRA VECTOR CALCULUS
20 Appendix 3: Symbols and constants
21 Answers to revision questions
22 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Magnetic fields in MRI.
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Magnetic susceptibility of common materials.Table 2.2 Properties of ferromagnetic metals.Table 2.3 Tissue conductivity at various frequencies. Electrical properties f...
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Physical interactions and possible bio‐effects of biological materi...Table 3.2 Limits for static magnetic field exposures.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Typical electric and magnetic field exposure from electrical wiring...Table 4.2 Electrical properties of excitable tissue.Table 4.3 PNS from MRI gradient coils.Table 4.4 PNS in terms of MRI gradient coil parameters.Table 4.5 Default IEC rheobase and chronaxie values [34].
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Attributes of RF pulses.Table 5.2 Physical properties of human tissues. Electrical properties from ht...Table 5.3 Tissue properties and heating in the absence of thermal conduction....Table 5.4 CEM43 values for tissue damage [15].Table 5.5 IEC temperature limits [30]. Higher temperature values are permitte...Table 5.6 IEC SAR limits [30]. mexposed denotes mass of patient exposed (%), ...
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Octave bands used in acoustics.Table 6.2 Octave band calculation example. See http://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/ca...Table 6.3 Hearing protection class and SLC values used in Australia and New Z...Table 6.4 Times to reach occupational noise limits.
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Summary of human MR and epidemiological studies into EMF and pregna...Table 7.2 1st trimester MRI and pregnancy outcomes from Ray et al. [22].Table 7.3 MRI with gadolinium and pregnancy outcomes from Ray et al. [22].
8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Gadolinium‐based contrast agents.Table 8.2 Typical relaxivities of commercial GBCAs at 1.5 and 3 T [3].Table 8.3 Physical properties of GBCAs [3].Table 8.4 Stability of CBCAs: laboratory test results [3].Table 8.5 Classification of agents by NSF risk and observed long term retenti...
9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Categorization of interactions of passive devices with magnetic fie...Table 9.2 Summary of static magnetic field forces.Table 9.3 Magnetic and electrical properties of metals.Table 9.4 Resonant half‐wavelengths in some tissues.
10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Categorization of interactions of active devices with magnetic fie...Table 10.2 NBG coding for pacemakers (1st three letters only).Table 10.3 MR conditional pacemakers and ICDs. Always check the most recent s...Table 10.4 Neuro‐stimulation systems. References are to recent review papers.Table 10.5 MR Conditions for various deep brain stimulation systems. Always c...Table 10.6 MR conditions for vagus nerve stimulation systems. Always check th...Table 10.7 MR conditions for spinal cord stimulators. Always check the most r...Table 10.8 MRI conditions for sacral nerve stimulators. Always check the most...Table 10.9 MR conditional cochlear implants. Always check the most recent spe...Table 10.10 Adverse events involving cochlear implants and MRI. Number of eve...Table 10.11 MR conditional implantable infusion systems. Always check the mos...Table 10.12 Field limits for the Fixed Parameter Option: basic [1, 60]
11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Shellock ‘subconditions’. Examples are not exclusive. For each dev...Table 11.2 Tabular form of GE compatibility data for the 3 T TLC magnet.Table 11.3 Example data for General Electric 3 T TLC magnet.
12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Typical safe operating distances for the avoidance of interference...Table 12.2 Typical distances for the avoidance of interference with B0 homoge...
13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Static field occupational exposure limits [1,5].Table 13.2 ICNIRP Basic Restrictions for movement within the static magnetic ...Table 13.3 ICNIRP Reference Levels for movement within the static magnetic fi...Table 13.4 ICNIRP limits for time‐varying magnetic fields from 1 Hz–100 kHz [...Table 13.5 ICNIRP Basic Restrictions RF [6].Table 13.6 ICNIRP Reference Levels RF [6].Table 13.7 Action Levels from EU Directive 2013/35/EC [10].
14 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Summary of training requirements for categories of staff. Adapted ...Table 14.2 IEC patient exposure limits for each Operating Mode [25].
15 Appendix 1Table A1.1 Demagnetizing factors for various geometries. d1 is for the princi...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum showing frequency and wavelength of ...Figure 1.2 MRI adverse events reported to the FDA. Data from [3].Figure 1.3 Nuclear magnetism: (a) basis state energy differences; (b) format...Figure 1.4 Excitation of the macroscopic magnetization M by the B1 RF field....Figure 1.5 Bz from magnetic field gradients Gx and Gy.Figure 1.6 Multiple slice imaging. Changing the frequency of each RF pulse w...Figure 1.7 Simple 2D pulse gradient echo (GRE) sequence showing pulse amplit...Figure 1.8 3D imaging sequence with a second phase‐encode gradient in the sl...Figure 1.9 Gradient echo images: Gradient echo (GRE) abdomen; Rapid Acquired...Figure 1.10 Spin echo formation: following a 90° pulse aligned with the x’ a...Figure 1.11 Spin echo images: (a) Spin echo (SE) T2‐weighted brain; single s...Figure 1.12 Schematic of principal MRI system components: DAC is digital‐to‐...Figure 1.13 MRI operator’s console in the control room with observation wind...Figure 1.14 Superconductivity: (a) resistance v temperature for a supercondu...Figure 1.15 Schematic of a self‐shielded superconducting MRI system.
