Example of unstaggered grid (top) and staggered grid (bottom), in th...Figure 3.2. Various types of rectangular grids (two horizontal dimensions) accor...Figure 3.3. Schematic representation of coordinate surfaces for (a) z-coordinate...Figure 3.4. Schematic representation of the Eta coordinate systemFigure 3.5. Schematic representation of σ-coordinate surfaces, as defined by equ...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Schematic of the current global atmospheric observing system. For a ...Figure 4.2. Schematic representation of an NWP model grid structure (dots) with ...Figure 4.3. Illustration of the cost function minimization in a two-variable mod...Figure 4.4. Representation of the operational LAPS domain. For a color version o...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Schematic plot showing all the physical mechanisms associated with d...Figure 5.2. Processes that initiate desert dust production (source: Shao et al. ...Figure 5.3. Clay content (in %) derived from the global FAO dataset. For a color...Figure 5.4. Specification of the desert fraction. The bold-line and the dashed-l...Figure 5.5. Dust source strength as defined by the August 1–16, 2016 mean NDVI (...Figure 5.6. Boundary layer vertical structure. The red line denotes the change o...Figure 5.7. Settling velocity of dust, as a function of the particle size (sourc...Figure 5.8. Patterns of Rayleigh, Mie and geometric scattering (source: Alkholid...Figure 5.9. Dust radiative feedback in spring in the incoming shortwave (a) and ...Figure 5.10. Total condensates mixing ratio (g kg–1) for the pristine (left colu...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. ECMWF analyses of (a) MSLP (hPa) and (b) absolute vorticity (s−1, in...Figure 6.2. Horizontal distribution of ECMWF SST analysis (°C) valid for January...Figure 6.3. Comparative horizontal plots of the differences (in °C) between (a) ...Figure 6.4. Comparisons of the MSLP (at 4 hPa intervals) for the entire simulati...Figure 6.5. Simulated cyclone trajectories, valid from January 21, 2004, at 18:0...Figure 6.6. Differences of 12-hourly accumulated precipitation (mm), as simulate...Figure 6.7. (a) Geopotential height (solid black lines in gpdam) and MSLP (solid...Figure 6.8. Hourly accumulated precipitation (color shaded in mm) and MSLP (soli...Figure 6.9. Timeplots of the measured accumulated precipitation (histograms in m...Figure 6.10. (a) CTRL00MPE simulation analysis of hourly accumulated precipitati...Figure 6.11. Geopotential height at 500 hPa (solid lines in gpm) and temperature...Figure 6.12. Mean temperature anomalies (°C) for July 2010 with respect to the 1...Figure 6.13. The ensemble structureFigure 6.14. Mean monthly temperature anomaly (K) at 850 hPa for (a) July and (b...Figure 6.15. Spaghetti diagrams (red solid lines) of the mean monthly temperatur...Figure 6.16. Desert dust identification from the MSG-SEVIRI dust RGB images on t...Figure 6.17. Surface analysis chart for March 21, 2018, at 18:00 UTC (source: UK...Figure 6.18. a) WRF-ARW domain configuration, where the three nests are shown. T...Figure 6.19. Spatial distribution of WRF-ARW for a) sand fraction percentage and...Figure 6.20. Mean sea level pressure valid on March 22, 2018, 00:00 UTC, as simu...Figure 6.21. a) Wind speed (in ms−1) at 850 hPa, as simulated by the WRF-ARW mod...Figure 6.22. a) Wind speed at 10 m (in ms−1) and b) surface dust concentration (...
7 AppendixFigure A1.1. Relation between the absolute and the relative velocity at the rota...Figure A1.2. a) Symbols of the spherical coordinate system. R is the radius of t...Figure A2.1. Schematic representation of the relationship between the derivative...
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