1Table 1.1 Limiting oxygen index of selected materials (9–11).Table 1.2 Bromine-, chlorine- and phosphate-containing flame retardants (7).Table 1.3 Commercially available flame retardants (32).Table 1.4 Sample types for analysis (45).Table 1.5 Cyclic phosphazene compounds (54).Table 1.6 Elemental analysis of the residual char (61).Table 1.7 LOI values and UL-94 rating of the composites (115).Table 1.8 Properties of tannic acid compositions (137).Table 1.9 Effectiveness of graphene nanoplatelets (156).Table 1.10 Flame retardant fillers (201).Table 1.11 Halogenated flame retardants (202).Table 1.12 Sulfonic salt flame retardants (202).Table 1.13 Organic phosphate compounds (202).Table 1.14 Nitrogen-phosphate compounds (202).Table 1.15 Inorganic salts (202, 203).Table 1.16 Bound additives.Table 1.17 Compounds for flame retardant resin composition (219).2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Pyrolysis compounds from carrageenan (16).
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Char yields for ABS, chlorinated PVC, and FeOOH (19).Table 4.2 LOI and SDR of the compounds.Table 4.3 Char residue of various compositions (38).
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Abbreviations of functional groups (1).Table 5.2 Examples of practical abbreviations (PRABs) (2).Table 5.3 Tested flame retardants (10).Table 5.4 Standards for testing flame retardants.Table 5.5 Terms and definitions (50).
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Cone calorimetry test and LOI results (1).
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Patent literature with chlorinated and brominated flame retardants.Table 7.2 Patent literature with brominated flame retardants.Table 7.3 Foamed flame retardant poly(phenylene ether) compositions (39).Table 7.4 Phosphorus-containing monomers (52).Table 7.5 Results of combustion tests for EPS foams (66).
7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 TGA test results of SARA fractions in air (36).Table 8.2 TGA test results of different halogen-free flame retardants in air ...Table 8.3 Characteristic temperatures of SARA fractions before and after addi...Table 8.4 Non-flammable grade of materials (30).Table 8.5 Flame retardants for electrolytes.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 HET acid.Figure 1.2 Dechlorane Plus.Figure 1.3 Chlordene.Figure 1.4 Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate.Figure 1.5 Components in Firemaster® (40).Figure 1.6 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.Figure 1.7 1,3-Hydrogen shift (42).Figure 1.8 1,3,5-Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-2,4,6-trioxohexahydrotriazine.Figure 1.9 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine.Figure 1.10 Pentabromodiphenyl ether.Figure 1.11 Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate).Figure 1.12 Synthesis of N,N’-Bis[di-(2,6-xylenoxy)phosphinyl]piperazine.Figure 1.13 Synthesis of a cyclic phosphazene molecule (55).Figure 1.14 Phosphaphenanthrene compound (TAD).Figure 1.15 Synthesis of poly(4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane phenyl dichloroph...Figure 1.16 Synthesis of DOPO-N.Figure 1.17 Synthesis of a halogen-free flame retardant (DTB) (64).Figure 1.18 Dioxa borolanyl oxides.Figure 1.19 Tetraethylammonium bis-(tetrabromopyrocatecholato)-borate.Figure 1.20 2,4,6-Tris(4-boronic-2-thiophene)-1,3,5-triazine.Figure 1.21 Synthesis of 2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (74)....Figure 1.22 Thermogravimetric curve of 2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-t...Figure 1.23 Thermal conductivity viz. temperature (76).Figure 1.24 LOI values viz. temperature (76).Figure 1.25 Phytic acid.Figure 1.26 Synthesis of an azo-boron compound (86).Figure 1.27 Synthesis of an azo-boron compound (87).Figure 1.28 Calcium lignosulfonate.Figure 1.29 Synthesis of phosphorus- and boron-containing isosorbides (88)....Figure 1.30 Synthesis of hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (8...Figure 1.31 Synthetic routes of a DOPO-based diamine and a cardanol-based be...Figure 1.32 Synthesis of HSPCTP (101).Figure 1.33 Synthesis of a phosphaphenanthrene-based flame retardant (105)....Figure 1.34 Synthesis of [(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilazanediyl)di-2,1-eth...Figure 1.35 Synthesis of a macromolecular charring agent (109).Figure 1.36 Synthesis of an intumescent flame retardant (113).Figure 1.37 Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene.Figure 1.38 β-Cyclodextrin.Figure 1.39 Tannic acid.Figure 1.40 Hex(4-carboxylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene.Figure 1.41 Synthesis of bis-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenan-threne-10-o...Figure 1.42 Structure of bio-based polyphosphonate (143).Figure 1.43 Polymerization of the ionic monomer (148).Figure 1.44 Phenethyl-bridged DOPO (155).Figure 1.45 Phenylphosphinic acid.Figure 1.46 2-((6-Oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methoxy)ac-ryloxy...Figure 1.47 Dopamine.Figure 1.48 Synthesis of hexabromocyclododecane.Figure 1.49 Nitrogen-containing compounds.Figure 1.50 Some bound additives.Figure 1.51 Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-methyl-4-(1-met...Figure 1.52 10-(2’,5’-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phos-phaphenant...Figure 1.53 DOPO-dicyandiamide compounds (215).Figure 1.54 Compounds for flame retardant resin composition.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Synthesis of a diphenolic acid-based biphosphate (11).Figure 2.2 Benzoxazine monomer with triazine structure (15).Figure 2.3 Flame retardant compounds.Figure 2.4 Synthesis of DTA (18).Figure 2.5 The synthesis of ATZ (22).
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Synthesis of poly(sulfonyldiphenylene thiophenylphosphonate) (13)...Figure 3.2 Poly(2-hydroxy propylene spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphona...Figure 3.3 Synthesis of a hyperbranched poly(amine) (16).Figure 3.4 Synthesis of 5-(benzylidene-amino)-isophthalic acid dimethyl este...Figure 3.5 PA6-COOH and 1,3-Bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane.Figure 3.6 Aldimine reaction (27).Figure 3.7 Synthesis of PCNFR (28).Figure 3.8 Synthesis of triglycidyl phosphate.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Smoke density (Dmaxg−1) versus chlorine content (%) (19).Figure 4.2 Ammonium molybdophosphate.Figure 4.3 Phosphorus-containing polyol (38).Figure 4.4 Tetraethyl orthosilicate.Figure 4.5 Synthesis of monocardanyl phosphoric acid (44).Figure 4.6 Compounds for modification of nanocomposites (46).Figure 4.7 Metal-based organic complexes.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Tested flame retardants.Figure 5.2 Other flame retardants.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Tetrabromobisphenol A.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Pentabromobenzyl acrylate.Figure 7.2 Condensation of 1,2,6-Tribromophenol.Figure 7.3 Phosphine oxides.Figure 7.4 Bis(glycidyloxy)phenyl phosphine oxide.Figure 7.5 Diaminophenyl commpounds.Figure 7.6 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide.Figure 7.7 Phosphorylation of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (51).Figure 7.8 Phosphor-containing monomers (47).Figure 7.9 Spirocyclic pentaerythritol di(phosphoric acid monochloride) (56)...Figure 7.10 Melamine phosphate.Figure 7.11 Modified melamine-formaldehyde resin.Figure 7.12 Macromolecular nitrogen-phosphorus intumescent flame retardant (...Figure 7.13 Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene.Figure 7.14 N-β-(Aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.Figure 7.15 Tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate.Figure 7.16 Synthesis of a flame retardant polyol (78).Figure 7.17 Synthesis of HDPCP (86).Figure 7.18 2-[Anilino-(6-oxobenzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl]phen...Figure 7.19 Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid.Figure 7.20 Synthesis of bis((dimethoxyphosphoryl)methyl) phenyl phosphate (...Figure 7.21 Phosphorus-containing organosilicon compounds.Figure 7.22 Reactive flame retardants.Figure 7.23 Synthesis of 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol phosphoryl melamine (10...Figure 7.24 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) aminomethyl phosphonic acid die...Figure 7.25 Synthesis of diethyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphoramide (114)...Figure 7.26 10-Hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 MKT-1 and MKT-2.Figure 8.2 Synthesis of DDPSi-FR (21).Figure 8.3 1,2,3,4-Butane tetracarboxylic acid.Figure 8.4 Citric acid.Figure 8.5 Sulfamic acid.Figure 8.6 LOI and flame retardant and aging (39). RTFOT: Rolling thin film ...Figure 8.7 3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane.Figure 8.8 Oil absorption with different contents of silane coupling agent (...Figure 8.9 Bis(N,N-diethyl)(2-methoxyethoxy)methylphosphonamidate.Figure 8.10 (4-Methoxy)-phenoxy pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene.Figure 8.11 Phosphorus-containing molecules.Figure 8.12 N-Ethyl-2-methoxypyrrolinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide.Figure 8.13 Ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene.Figure 8.14 Poly[bis-(ethoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene].Figure 8.15 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether.
Guide
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