archaea, e...Figure 10.13 Retroelements resident in eukaryotic genomes and their representati...Figure 10.14 Comparison of the structures of two RTs. (A) The DNA polymerase d...Figure 10.15 Characteristic features of retroviral integration. Unintegrated l...Figure 10.16 Three steps in the retroviral DNA integration process. Endonucleo...Figure 10.17 Sequence preferences of integration sites. The figure shows the 5...Figure 10.18 Models for chromatin tethering of retroviral preintegration complex...Figure 10.19 Host proteins affect the integration process. The abundant host b...Figure 10.20 Domain maps of integrase proteins from different retroviral genera,...Figure 10.21 Crystal structure of the prototype foamy virus integrase tetramer b...Figure 10.22 Arrangement of HIV-1 IN dimer interfaces in the absence of DNA and ...Figure 10.23 Hepadnaviral DNA. The DNA in extracellular hepadnavirus particles...Figure 10.24 Single-cell reproduction cycle for hepadnaviruses. Pathway 1 prov...Figure 10.25 Essential cis-acting signals in pregenomic mRNA. The viral pregen...Figure 10.26 Comparison of hepadnaviral and retroviral RTs. Linear maps of the...Figure 10.27 Model for the assembly of hepadnavirus nucleocapsids. P protein i...Figure 10.28 Critical steps in the pathway of hepadnavirus reverse transcription...Figure 10.29 Model for (+) strand priming. Formation of a hairpin in the (–) s...Figure 10.30 Comparison of the genome replication cycles of cauliflower mosaic v...11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Structure of eukaryotic and bacterial/archaeal mRNAs. UTR, untrans...Figure 11.2 Ribosomes and tRNAs. (A) Model of a eukaryotic ribosome. The 80S r...Figure 11.3 5′-cap-dependent assembly of the initiation complex. Initiation pr...Figure 11.4 5′ -end-dependent initiation. (A) Schematic of eIF4G protein. Data...Figure 11.5 Two mechanisms of methionine-independent initiation. (A) A sequenc...Figure 11.6 Hypothetical model of ribosome shunting. The 40S ribosomal subunit...Figure 11.7 Six types of IRES. The 5′ untranslated regions from genome RNAs of...Figure 11.8 5′-end-independent initiation. (Top) Initiation on the type 1 or 2...Figure 11.9 Long-range RNA-RNA interactions aid translation. (A) Activity of t...Figure 11.10 Translation elongation. There are three tRNA-binding sites on the...Figure 11.11 Translation termination. (A) Overview of termination. When a term...Figure 11.12 Ribosome recycling. After peptide release, ABCE1 binds to eRF1 on...Figure 11.13 Juxtaposition of mRNA ends. Shown is a juxtaposition of mRNA ends...Figure 11.14 The diversity of viral translation strategies. Figure 11.15 Polyprotein processing of picornaviruses and flaviviruses. (A) Pr...Figure 11.16 Leaky scanning in the Sendai virus P/C gene. P and C protein open...Figure 11.17 Reinitiation of translation. (A) (Top) Some mRNAs contain one or ...Figure 11.18 Proposed mechanism of StopGo translation. A model for the site-sp...Figure 11.19 Suppression of termination codons of retroviruses and alphaviruses....Figure 11.20 Frameshifting on a retroviral mRNA. The structure of open reading...Figure 11.21 Tandem model for –1 frameshifting. Slippage of the two tRNAs occu...Figure 11.22 Schematic structures of three eIF2α kinases. Y-kinase, pseudokina...Figure 11.23 Model of activation of PKR. PKR is maintained as an inactive mono...Figure 11.24 Effect of eIF2α phosphorylation on catalytic recycling. eIF2-GTP ...Figure 11.25 Some viral proteins and RNAs that counter inactivation of eIF2. V...Figure 11.26 Inhibition of cellular translation in poliovirus-infected HeLa cell...Figure 11.27 Regulation of eIF4F activity. eIF4F is composed of eIF4E, eIF4G, ...Figure 11.28 The mammalian PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling route. The core features of...Figure 11.29 Stress granule assembly and inhibition by viral proteins. When pr...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Localization of viral proteins to the nucleus. The nucleus and maj...Figure 12.2 Localization of viral proteins to the plasma membrane. Viral envel...Figure 12.3 Primary sequence features and covalent modifications of the influenz...Figure 12.4 Maturation of influenza virus HA0 protein during transit along the s...Figure 12.5 The endoplasmic reticulum. (A) The ER of a mammalian cell in cultu...Figure 12.6 Canonical targeting of a nascent protein to the ER membrane. Trans...Figure 12.7 Detection and synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides. (A) Detectio...Figure 12.8 Integration of folding and glycosylation in the ER. (A) The model ...Figure 12.9 Folding of the two Sindbis virus envelope proteins depends on format...Figure 12.10 Compartments in the secretory pathway. Proteins destined for secr...Figure 12.11 Protein transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. (A) Protein...Figure 12.12 Low-pH-induced conformational change and maturation of dengue virus...Figure 12.13 Polarized epithelial cells and neurons. (A) Tight junctions block...Figure 12.14 Axonal transport of herpesviral particles in neurons. (A) At the ...Figure 12.15 Modulation of the unfolded protein response in virus-infected cells...Figure 12.16 Addition of lipids to cytoplasmic proteins. (A) N-terminal myrist...Figure 12.17 Targeting signals of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protei...Figure 12.18 Targeting signals of matrix proteins of influenza virus (A) and ves...Figure 12.19 Sorting of viral glycoproteins to internal cell membranes. The de...Figure 12.20 Transport of influenza A virus genomic RNA segments from the nucleu...Figure 12.21 Models of the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid, showing the free nucleocaps...Figure 12.22 Cytoplasmic trafficking of retroviral genomes with different nuclea...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Pathways of virus particle assembly and release. The structural un...Figure 13.2 Examination of virus assembly by high-resolution microscopy. Incre...Figure 13.3 Mechanisms of assembly of viral structural units. (A) Assembly fro...Figure 13.4 Radial organization of the Gag polyprotein in immature human immunod...Figure 13.5 Some assembly reactions assisted by cellular chaperones. (A) The E...Figure 13.6 Assembly of poliovirus in the cytoplasm of an infected cell. (A) M...Figure 13.7 Formation of bullet-shaped particles by the vesicular stomatitis vir...Figure 13.8 Assembly of herpes simplex virus 1 nucleocapsids. (A) Assembly beg...Figure 13.9 Assembly of influenza A virus. Assembly proceeds in stepwise fashi...Figure 13.10 Assembly of a retrovirus from polyprotein precursors. The Gag pol...Figure 13.11 Viral DNA-packaging signals. (A) Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). T...Figure 13.12 Packaging of herpes simplex virus 1 DNA. (A) Organization of the ...Figure 13.13 Sequences important for the packaging of retroviral genomes. (A) ...Figure 13.14 Organization of ribonucleoproteins in influenza A virus particles. ...Figure 13.15 Interaction of viral proteins responsible for budding at the plasma...Figure 13.16 L domains and release of retroviral particles. (A) Electron micro...Figure 13.17 Functions of the ESCRT pathway in uninfected and virus-infected cel...Figure 13.18 Model of hepatitis B virus envelopment. The pregenome RNA synthes...Figure 13.19 Vaccinia virus assembly and exocytosis. Viral structures observed...Figure 13.20 Movement of vaccinia virus on actin tails. (A) Immunofluorescence...Figure 13.21 Pathway of herpesvirus egress. The mature nucleocapsid assembled ...Figure 13.22 Disruption of the nuclear lamina in herpes simplex virus 1-infected...Figure 13.23 Models for nonlytic release of picornavirus particles. (A) Synthe...Figure 13.24 Morphological rearrangement of retrovirus particles upon proteolyti...Figure 13.25 Model for refolding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CA p...Figure 13.26: The maturation of hepatitis B virus particles. (A) Alternative t...Figure 13.27 Direct cell-to-cell spread of virus particles. (A) Human immunode...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The mammalian PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling route. The core features of ...Figure 14.2 Signaling via PI3K facilitates virus entry. Shown are three exampl...Figure 14.3 Common activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR relay in virus-infected cells...Figure 14.4 Inhibition of cellular gene expression by viral proteins. (Transcr...Figure 14.5 Decreases in cellular mRNA concentration in virus-infected cells. ...Figure 14.6 Polyribosome profiling. Shown is a comparison of the polyribosome ...Figure 14.7 Reprogramming of promoter-associated transcriptional regulators by a...Figure 14.8 Increased glycolysis in virus-infected cells. (A) Infection by a v...Figure 14.9 Glucose metabolism. Following transport into cells via glucose tra...Figure 14.10 Diversion of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in human cytomegal...Figure 14.11 The citric acid cycle and some alterations induced in virus-infecte...Figure 14.12 The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The e...Figure 14.13 Storage and mobilization of fatty acids. (A) Fatty acids are tran...Figure 14.14 Mechanisms of stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human cytomega...Figure 14.15 Increased synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids in hepatitis C ...Figure 14.16 Increased import of fatty acids into poliovirus-infected cells. (...Figure 14.17 Reorganization of nuclei in polyomavirus-infected cells. Murine 3...Figure 14.18 Example of a PML-containing nuclear structure in DNA virus-infected...Figure 14.19 Reorganization of nuclear splicing components in DNA virus-infected...Figure 14.20 Dengue virus cytoplasmic replication and assembly organelles. Hum...Figure 14.21 Hepatitis C virus replication and assembly compartments. (A) The ...Figure 14.22 Cooption of cytoplasmic membranes and lipid droplets in poliovirus-...Figure
