4Figure 4.1 The images of different morphologic ZnO nanostructures. (a,b) SEM...Figure 4.2 Schematic diagrams of ZnO‐based devices. (a) The piezopotential d...Figure 4.3 The performances of the ZnO‐based devices. (a,c) I–V curves of th...Figure 4.4 The SEM and TEM images of the devices based on electrochemical de...Figure 4.5 The photographs of the electrochemical devices. (a–d) Photographs...Figure 4.6 The mechanisms of the devices based on redox reaction. (a) The re...Figure 4.7 Performances of the flexible devices based on graphene/ecoflex. (...Figure 4.8 Performances of the devices based on redox reaction. (a) Stabilit...Figure 4.9 The SEM images of the materials for the hybridized solar and piez...Figure 4.10 The schematic diagrams of the mechanisms for the hybrid nanogene...Figure 4.11 Performances of the hybrid nanogenerators. (a) A comparison of t...Figure 4.12 The applications of the hybrid nanogenerators. (a) Schematic dia...Figure 4.13 The SEM images and structure designs for hybridizing solar energ...Figure 4.14 The output performances of hybrid solar energy and triboelectric...Figure 4.15 The performances of the hybrid nanogenerators and applications. ...Figure 4.16 The typical applications of the hybrid nanogenerators. (a) Absor...Figure 4.17 The SEM images of the typical materials for the hybrid solar ene...Figure 4.18 The structure designs of the hybrid devices. (a) Illustration of...Figure 4.19 The principles and applications of hybrid devices. (a) Energy ba...Figure 4.20 The output performances of the hybrid devices. (a) Periodic temp...5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of several kinds of self‐powered sensors.Figure 5.2 SEM images of some organic materials. SEM image of PDMS (a–c), PI...Figure 5.3 SEM and TEM images of some 1‐D nanomaterials. (a,b) SEM and TEM i...Figure 5.4 Morphology characterization of some 2‐D nanomaterials or nanopart...Figure 5.5 Design of pressure sensor. (a,b) Photograph (a) and working mecha...Figure 5.6 Design of strain sensors. (a) Schematic diagram and IR image of a...Figure 5.7 Design of temperature sensors. (a) Schematic diagram of a Sb‐dope...Figure 5.8 Design of ferroelectric material based photodetector. (a) Schemat...Figure 5.9 Design of semiconductor based photodetector. (a) Schematic diagra...Figure 5.10 Self‐powered magnetic sensor. (a) Schematic diagram of the senso...Figure 5.11 Sensitivity of self‐powered sensors. (a–d) Sensitivity of some p...Figure 5.12 Sensitivity of self‐powered sensors. (a–d) Sensitivity of some f...Figure 5.13 Response speed of some pressure, strain, and temperature sensors...Figure 5.14 Response speed of some photodetectors. (a,b) Response speed of a...Figure 5.15 Response speed of a TENG based magnetic field sensor.Figure 5.16 Stability of some pressure and strain sensors. (a) Open‐circuit ...Figure 5.17 Stability of some temperature sensors. (a) Obtained short‐circui...Figure 5.18 Stability of some photodetectors. (a) Output current of an ITO/B...Figure 5.19 (a–c) Variation of magnetic field (a), output voltage (b), and o...Figure 5.20 Application of some pressure sensors. (a–c) Mapping figures obta...Figure 5.21 Application of some strain sensors. (a) Photograph of TiO2 nanop...Figure 5.22 Stability of some photodetectors. (a) Optical image of an Sb‐dop...Figure 5.23 Application of some ferroelectric materials based photodetector....Figure 5.24 Application of some semiconductor heterojunction based photodete...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Working mechanisms of PENG and TENG. (a,b) SEM and TEM images of ...Figure 6.2 Structure diagrams of Li‐ion battery and supercapacitor. (a) The ...Figure 6.3 The relationship among energy harvesting, storage, and applicatio...Figure 6.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the self‐charging power cell in dis...Figure 6.5 (a) Fabricated SCSPC at the discharge condition. (b) A piezoelect...Figure 6.6 Working diagram of self‐charging Li‐ion batteries for energy scav...Figure 6.7 Working mechanism of the CP device as a TENG and a Li‐ion battery...Figure 6.8 Self‐charging process of the CP device by using a designed circui...Figure 6.9 Schematic diagrams of self‐charging process for the two supercapa...Figure 6.10 SEM images of some typical piezoelectric materials. (a) PVDF fil...Figure 6.11 SEM images of some typical triboelectric materials. (a) TiO2 nan...Figure 6.12 The SEM images of typical materials for Li‐ion batteries. (a) Cu...Figure 6.13 The SEM images of typical materials for supercapacitors. (a) MnOFigure 6.14 Structure diagrams of PENG‐based energy storage devices. (a) The...Figure 6.15 Structure diagrams of TENG‐based energy storage devices. (a) Hyb...Figure 6.16 Structure diagrams of TENG‐based energy storage devices. (a) A s...Figure 6.17 Charging–discharging curves of PENG‐based energy storage devices...Figure 6.18 Charging–discharging curves of TENG‐based energy storage devices...Figure 6.19 Charging–discharging curves of TENG‐based energy storage devices...Figure 6.20 Hybrid nanogenerators and energy storage devices can drive small...Figure 6.21 Hybrid nanogenerators and energy storage devices work as wearabl...Figure 6.22 Hybrid nanogenerators and energy storage devices for electrochem...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Energy consumption. (a) The share of total energy consumption in ...Figure 7.2 The working mechanism and corresponding charge/discharging proces...Figure 7.3 The working mechanism and temperature distribution of TEGs. (a) C...Figure 7.4 The comparison between PyENGs and TEGs. (a) Working diagram of a ...Figure 7.5 The SEM or TEM images of typical inorganic pyroelectric materials...Figure 7.6 The SEM images of typical organic pyroelectric materials. (a) The...Figure 7.7 Structure diagrams of several PyENGs. (a) A PZT‐based PyENG.(...Figure 7.8 Structure diagrams of PyENGs and PyENG‐based hybrid nanogenerator...Figure 7.9 Pyroelectric performances of PyENGs. (a, b) Time‐dependent temper...Figure 7.10 Pyroelectric output performances of PyENGs. (a) The output volta...Figure 7.11 A variety of applications of PyENGs. (a) A PZT micro/nanowires‐b...Figure 7.12 PyENGs for electrochemical reactions. (a) A PZT sheets‐based PyE...Figure 7.13 The SEM or TEM images of typical thermoelectric materials. (a) A...Figure 7.14 The micromorphologies of typical thermoelectric materials. (a) T...Figure 7.15 Several typical TEGs with different structures. (a) A lampshade‐...Figure 7.16 The photographs and structure diagrams of several TEGs. (a) A fl...Figure 7.17 TE performances of several TEGs. (a) Output signals of a flexibl...Figure 7.18 Output thermoelectric signals of TEGs. (a) Stability of output e...Figure 7.19 Various applications of TEGs. (a) Photograph of a flexible TEG a...Figure 7.20 A variety of applications of TEGs. (a) Photograph of a flexible ...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Physical mechanism of pyroelectric effect. Working principle of p...Figure 8.2 Physical mechanism of photovoltaic effect in p–n junction (p‐SnS/...Figure 8.3 Physical mechanism of ferroelectric photovoltaic effect in BTO‐ba...Figure 8.4 Energy‐band diagram of p‐SnS/n‐ZnO heterojunction under illuminat...Figure 8.5 (a) Schematic cross‐sectional diagram of vertical‐structured ITO/...Figure 8.6 Schematic (a) and energy‐band (b) diagrams of planar‐structured I...Figure 8.7 Energy‐band diagram of planar‐structured ITO/BTO/ITO nanogenerato...Figure 8.8 SEM images of ZnO nanowires fabricated by hydrothermal method. (a...Figure 8.9 Morphology and crystal structure of BTO materials. (a) SEM images...Figure 8.10 Morphology and crystal structure of BFO materials. (a) SEM image...Figure 8.11 Configuration of vertical‐structured photovoltaic–pyroelectric c...Figure 8.12 Schematic diagram of vertical‐structured photovoltaic–pyroelectr...Figure 8.13 Photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect nanogenerators with pla...Figure 8.14 Output electric signals of vertical‐structured photovoltaic–pyro...Figure 8.15 Output performance of photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect n...Figure 8.16 Output current of vertical‐structured ITO/BTO/Ag nanogenerator (...Figure 8.17 Temperature‐dependent performance of photovoltaic–pyroelectric c...Figure 8.18 Output electric signals of P3HT/ZnO self‐powered photodetector. ...Figure 8.19 Performance of ferroelectrics‐based self‐powered photodetectors....Figure 8.20 Performance of planar‐structured ITO/BTO/ITO photodetector for m...Figure 8.21 Structure and mapping image of P3HT/ZnO heterojunction photodete...Figure 8.22 Structure and the corresponding mapping image of ITO/BTO/Ag phot...Figure 8.23 Structure and the corresponding mapping image of ITO/BFO/Ag imag...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Semiconductors for multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator. (a) SEM i...Figure 9.2 Inorganic ferroelectrics for multi‐effects coupled nanogenerators...Figure 9.3 SEM image of PVDF nanofibers.Figure 9.4 Multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator based on ITO/porous ZnO/Ag st...Figure 9.5 Multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator based on ITO/bulk SnSe:Br/Ag ...Figure 9.6 Thermo‐photoelectric effect nanogenerator based on InP/ZnO hetero...Figure 9.7 Multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator based on electrode/ferroelect...Figure 9.8 Multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator based on ITO/BTO/Ag cantileve...Figure 9.9 Multi‐effects coupled nanogenerator based
