storage is often used for vegetatively propagated species.
Key references and suggested reading
1 Asif, M. (2013). Progress and Opportunities of Doubled Haploid Production, Springer briefs in plant science, vol. 6. Heidelberg: Springer.
2 Chaudhury, A.M., Ming, L., Miller, C. et al. (1997). Fertilization‐independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 4223–4228.
3 Choo, T.M., Reinbergs, E., and Kasha, K.J. (1985). Use of haploids in breeding barley. Plant Breed Reviews 3: 219–252.
4 Forster, B.P., Heberle‐Bors, E., Kasha, K.J., and Touraev, A. (2007). The resurgence of haploids in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science 12: 368–375.
5 Hanna, W.W. and Bashaw, E.C. (1987). Apomixis: its identification and use in plant breeding. Crop Science 27: 1136–1139.
6 Humphreys, D.G. and Knox, R.E. (2015). Doubled Haploid Breeding in Cereals Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Breeding, Biotechnology and Molecular Tools, 241–290. New York: Springer.
7 Jain, M., Chengalrayan, K., Gallo‐Meacher, M., and Misley, P. (2005). Embryogenic callus induction and regeneration in a pentaploid hybrid bermudagrass. cv Tifton 85. Crop Science 45: 1069–1072.
8 Janhar, Elias, E.M., and Rao, M.B. (2004). Effects of growth regulators on in vitro plant regeneration in durum wheat. Crop Science 44: 1839–1846.
9 Kamo, K. (1995). A cultivar comparison of plant regeneration from suspension cells, callus, and cormel slices of Gladiolus. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology 31: 113–115.
10 Kindinger, B., Bai, D., and Sokolov, V. (1996). Assignment of a gene (s) conferring apomixis in Tripsacum to a chromosome arm: cytological and molecular evidence. Genome 39: 1133–1141.
11 Koltunow, A.M., Bicknell, R.A., and Chaudhury, A.‐M. (1995). Apomixis: molecular strategies for the generation of genetically identical seeds without fertilization. Plant Physiology 108: 1345–1352.
12 Maluszynski, M., Kasha, K., Forster, B.P., and Szarejko, I. (2003). Doubled Haploid Production in Crop Plants: A Manual. Dordrecht: Springer.
13 Mohammadi, S.A., Prasanna, B.M., and Singh, N.N. (2003). Sequential path model for determining interrelationship among grain yield and related characters in maize. Crop Science 43: 1690–1697.
14 Murashige, T. and Skoog, T. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum 15: 473–497.
15 Snape, J.W. (1989). Doubled haploid breeding: theoretical basis and practical applications. In: Review of Advances in Plant Biotechnology 1985–1988: 2nd International Symposium on Genetic Manipulation in Crop (eds. A. Mujeeb‐Kazi and L.A. Sitch), 19–30. Philippines: CIMMYT Mexico DF and IRRI Manila.
16 Stefaniak, B. (1994). Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of gladiolus. Plant Cell Reports 13: 386–389.
17 Tae‐Seok, K.O., Nelson, R.L., and Korban, S.S. (2004). Screening multiple soybean cultivars (MG 00 to MG VIII) for embryogenesis following Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of immature cotyledons. Crop Science 44: 1825–1831.
18 Touraev, A., Forster, B.P., and Jain, S.M. (2009). Advances in Haploid Production in Higher Plants. Dordrecht: Springer.
19 Trigiano, R.N. and Gray, D.J. (eds.) (1996). Plant Tissue Culture Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. New York, NY: CRC Press.
Internet resources
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/tisscult/microprop/microprop.html – (links to numerous aspects of plant micropropagation).
http://billie.btny.purdue.edu/apomixis/apomixis.html – Excellent overview of apomixis.
http://www.sprrs.usda.gov/apomixis.htm – Comments from foremost scientists in field of apomixis.
http://www.blogontheweb.com/tissue_culture – Excellent discussion on tissue culture.
Outcomes assessment
Part A
Please answer the following questions true or false:
1 The MS medium was developed by Morris and Stevenson.
2 Agar is used as a gelling agent in tissue culture.
3 A protoplast is all the cellular components of a cell plus the cell wall.
4 An auxin‐cytokinin ratio in favor of auxin promotes rooting.
5 Propagation by cuttings is a form of clonal propagation.
6 Diplospory is the most common mechanism of apomixis in higher plants.
7 Facultative apomicts reproduce exclusively by apomixis.
8 Pathogenesis is equivalent to haploidy.
Part B
Please answer the following questions:
1 The part of the plant used to start tissue culture is called the ……………………..
2 The MS tissue culture medium is named after ……………… and ……………
3 A mass of undifferentiated cells, such as meristematic cells, is called ………….
4 What is clonal propagation?
5 What is apomixis?
6 Distinguish between apospory and displospory as mechanisms of apomixis.
7 Species that reproduce exclusively (or nearly so) by apomixis are described as …………………………..
8 Give a specific advantage of clonal propagation.
Part C
Please write a brief essay on each of the following topics:
1 Why is it possible (at least theoretically) to raise a full plant, or for that matter any organism, from just one of its own cells?
2 All cells are not totipotent. Explain.
3 What it the importance of a callus phase in plant tissue culture research?
4 Discuss the rationale for the composition of a tissue culture medium.
5 Describe the in vitro production of hybrids.
6 Discuss
