integration, those who have left the system no longer constitute even an alternative. I do recognize how the American Democratic Party has served for a long time to represent the minorities it includes. In this way, minorities were directly part of the system. Today in the United States, a quarter of the population lives in real poverty. In France, the problem of exclusion concerns all the parties on the Left, including the Communist Party. Is it around those most disadvantaged but who still remain part of the system, or starting with those who are outside the system, that the possibility can be envisaged of joining the excluded together with the included who are at the bottom of the social ladder?
Notes
1 1 Interview with Arnaud Spire, Humanité, 90th Anniversary special edition, April 21, 1994.
2 2 Paul Ricoeur, Philosophie de la volonté; I. Le Volontaire et l’Involontaire (Paris: Aubier, 1950). Philosophie de la volonté; II. Finitude et culpabilité; 1. L’Homme faillible; 2. La Symbolique du mal (Paris: Aubier, 1960; Le Seuil, 2009). Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary, tr. E. V. Kohak (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966). Fallible Man, tr. C. Kelby (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1965). The Symbolism of Evil, tr. E. Buchanan (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969).
3 3 Paul Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: Le Seuil, 1975). The Rule of Metaphor, tr. R. Czerny (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978).
4 4 Olivier Mongin, Paul Ricoeur (Paris: Le Seuil, 1994; Points Essais, 1998).
5 5 Ricoeur, History and Truth, pp. 247–70.
6 6 Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, p. 170.
7 7 Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, p. 268.
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