here—the dominance of batteries in low-power sensors and systems may well be close to ending as IPV technology advances and smart environments can coordinate their assets to conserve the energy of distributed wireless embedded systems and even recharge them when needed. Both batteries and photovoltaics are differently weighted in terms of manufacturing energy, toxicity, etc., and it’s not clear how much photovoltaics will come out ahead over a device’s lifetime, but the race is certainly on, and the incentives will continue.
I’m delighted to see this book arrive now—this is certainly the right time for it, and many of the things I’ve barely hinted at above are explored much more fully in the chapters ahead. But let’s check back in after another decade passes to see what will be energizing the low-power devices scattered throughout our environments—and, in what I currently find most exciting and profoundly important, how the data they produce is used and leveraged. In the context-driven world of the future, every bit will mean something—here’s hoping that they all will serve us well!
References
1 1. Paradiso, J.A. and Starner, T., Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics. IEEE Pervasive Comput., 4, 1, 18–27, 2005.
2 2. Starner, T. and Paradiso, J.A., Human generated power for mobile electronics, in: Low-Power Electronics, vol. 45, C. Piguet (Ed.), pp. 45-1–45-35, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2004.
3 3. Mitcheson, P.D., Yeatman, E.M., Kondala Rao, G., Holmes, A.S., Green, T., Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices. Proc. IEEE, 96, 9, 1457–1486, 2008.
4 4. Choi, Y.-M., Gu Lee, M., Jeon, Y., Wearable biomechanical energy harvesting technologies. Energies, 10, 1483, 1–17, 2017.
5 5. Kymissis, J., Kendall, C., Paradiso, J., Gershenfeld, N., Parasitic power harvesting in shoes, in: Proc. of the Second International Symposium on Wearable Computing, pp. 132–139, IEEE Computer Society Press, Pittsburgh PA, October 1998.
6 6. Shenck, N.S. and Paradiso, J.A., Energy scavenging with shoe-mounted piezoelectrics. IEEE Micro., 21, 3, 30–42, 2001.
7 7. Xu, B. and Yang, L., Force analysis and energy harvesting for innovative multi-functional shoes. Front. Mater., 11, September 2019.
8 8. Zhao, J. and Zheng, Y., A shoe-embedded piezoelectric energy harvester for wearable sensors. Sensors, 14, 7, 12497–12510, 2014.
9 9. SolePower, Power by Walking - https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/764467377/solepower-power-by-walking-0?ref=discovery&term=power%20 generating%20shoes (December 2016) or https://www.thisiswhyimbroke.com/power-generating-shoe-insole/.
10 10. https://news.wisc.edu/power-walk-footsteps-could-charge-mobile-electronics/, Feb. 8, 2016.
11 11. https://www.instructables.com/id/Power-Generating-Shoe/, 2009.
12 12. Wang, J. and Liang, J., Energy Harvesting from Horizontal and Vertical Backpack Movements During Walking, in: Proc. of the IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM), Auckland, New Zealand, July 9–12, pp. 798–803, 2018.
13 13. Park, H., Lee, D., Park, G., Park, S., Khan, S., Kim, J., Kim, W., Energy harvesting using thermoelectricity for IoT (Internet of Things) and E-skin sensor. J. Phys. Energy, 1, 042001, 2019.
14 14. Zu, D. and Beeby, S., Kinetic energy harvesting, in: Energy Harvesting Systems – Principles and Applications, T.J. Kaźmierski and S. Beeby (Eds.), pp. 1–77, Springer, 2011.
15 15. Liu, V., Parks, A., Talla, V., Gollakota, S., Wetherall, D., Smith, J.R., Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2013, pp. 39–50, August 2013.
16 16. Ma, Y., Luo, Z., Steiger, C., Traverso, G., Adib, F., Enabling deep-tissue networking for miniature medical devices, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2018, pp. 417–431, August 2018.
17 17. Ko., W.H., Piezoelectric energy converter for electronic implants, July 15 1969. US Patent 3,456,134.
18 18. Dagdeviren, C. et al., Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm. PNAS, 111, 5, 1927–1932, 2014.
19 19. Zebda, A., Alcaraz, J.-P., Vadgama, P., Shleev, S., Minteer, S.D., Boucher, F., Cinquin, P., Martin, D.K., Challenges for successful implantation of biofuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 124, 57–72, 2018.
20 20. Warneke, B., Last, M., Liebowitz, B., Pister, K.S.J., Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer. IEEE Comput., 34, 1, 44–51, 2001.
21 21. Lee, Y. et al., A modular 1 mm3 die-stacked sensing platform with low power I2C inter-die communication and multi-modal energy harvesting. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 48, 1, 229–243, 2013.
22 22. Starner, T., Kirsch, D., Assefa, A., The locust swarm: An environmentally-powered networkless location and messaging system, in: Proc. of the ISWC 1997, pp. 169–170, 1997.
23 23. Mayton, B., Dublon, G., Russell, S., Lynch, E.F., Haddad, D.D., Ramasubramanian, V., Duhart, C., Davenport, G., Paradiso, J.A., The networked sensory landscape: Capturing and experiencing ecological change across scales. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ., 26, 2, 2017.
24 24. Reich, N., van Sark, W. G. J. H. M., Alsema, E.A., Kan, S.Y., Silvester, S., van der Heide, A., Lof, R.W., Schropp, R.E.I., Weak light performance and spectral response of different solar cell types, in: Proc. of the 20th EUPVSEC, pp. 2120–2123, 2005.
25 25. Kurs, A., Karalis, A., Moffat, R., Joannopoulos, J.D., Fisher, P., Soljačić, M., Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science, 317, 5834, 83–86, 2007.
Note
1 Email: [email protected]
2 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting
Monika Freunek (Müller)
BKW AG, Bern, Switzerland
Abstract Trillions of IoT edge nodes are expected to be installed worldwide in the near future. At the same time, many nations have set ambitious goals in order to reduce the amount of required electric energy. How do we want to power these electronic devices? A promising approach is the use of ambient energy by micro generators. This concept is also known as micro energy harvesting. The following chapter provides an introduction to micro energy harvesting and its history, design challenges, and future work. Different sources of energy and available conversion mechanisms are discussed. Principles and challenges of miniaturized devices are introduced.
Keywords: Micro energy harvesting, micro energy scavenging, internet of things, wireless sensor nodes, edge nodes, energy conversion
2.1 Introduction and History
In 2018, McKinsey
