temperature rise of 4°C by 2100 … which would already be monstrously catastrophic on a global scale. In 2017, BP and Shell were planning (internally, without informing their shareholders, let alone the public) for changes of the order of +5°C average by 2050.2
In recent history, there is no example of a society which has been able to reduce its emissions by more than 3 per cent over a short period. Such a reduction would cause an immediate economic recession, unless it had itself resulted from a collapse like that of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s or that of Venezuela after 2016.
For the Earth’s non-human population (fauna, flora, fungi and micro-organisms), the rise in temperature will mean mass slaughter. Some populations will just keep shrinking. Whole species will disappear forever. Populations of amphibians, of insects and birds in the countryside, of coral reefs, mammals, big fishes, whales and dolphins … The last male northern white rhinoceros of the North died in 2018, joining the list of imaginary animals which illustrate the stories we read at night to our children.
The change in attitude over the last few years
All these numbers about catastrophes are easily accessible, and the aim of this book is not to add to them. What interests us here is the change of attitude and of conscious awareness within society in recent years.
One landmark was in 1992, at the Rio Summit, when more than 1,700 scientists signed a common text warning humanity about the state of the planet.3 At the time, this was a new and even embarrassing development. Some 2,500 other scientists responded by warning society against the ‘emergence of an irrational ideology that opposes scientific and industrial progress’.4 Twenty-five years later, 15,364 scientists from 184 countries co-authored a letter explaining that without swift and radical action, humanity would be threatened with extinction.5 There was no response to this letter. There is no longer any debate. But what is the nature of the silence that followed? Paralysis, exhaustion, lack of interest?
Among the ruling elites, tongues speak more freely, if discreetly. When any of the three of us speak these days in political and economic circles, we are struck by how people no longer question the facts. In public, though, scepticism has given way to feelings of powerlessness, and often to a desire to find ways of escape.
Many of the richest people in the world are barricading themselves inside ‘gated communities’, luxurious and highly secure residential enclaves.6 They are also leaving the big cities: in 2015, 3,000 millionaires left Chicago, 7,000 left Paris and 5,000 left Rome. Not all of them are just seeking to evade taxes. Many are genuinely anxious about social tensions, terrorist attacks or the anger of a population increasingly aware of injustices and inequalities.7 As Robert Johnson, the former director of the Soros Fund, told the Davos Economic Forum, many hedge-fund managers are buying farms in remote countries like New Zealand in search of a ‘plan B’, and have private jets at hand, ready to take off and fly them there.8 Others have built, away from prying eyes and on every continent, gigantic and luxurious high-tech underground bunkers to protect their family from whatever disaster might happen.9
All this illustrates what the philosopher and sociologist Bruno Latour has described as an act of secession by a very well-off category of the population. Aware of the risks and of what is at stake, they are seeking to save their skins without worrying about the fate of the rest of the world.10 To take up his metaphor of a plane and the difficulty of coming to land back on earth, we have entered an area of heavy turbulence. The lights have come on, the glasses of champagne are falling over, existential anguish is returning. Some people open the portholes, see lightning flashing across a dark night sky, and close them again immediately. At the front of the aircraft, some first-class people can be seen putting on their golden parachutes. But what are they going to do with them? Will they jump out into the storm? The economy class passengers then turn to the crew and ask for parachutes, knowing full well that their request is not going to be met. All that they are offered in response is a snack, a movie, some duty-free liquor …
Surviving … is that all?
Faced by these catastrophic announcements, a frequent (and logical) reaction is to start preparing for the situation in practical terms. How do we eat when there is no food in the shops? How can we get safe drinking water if the taps are no longer working? How do we keep ourselves warm without oil, natural gas or electricity? It is not difficult to find information about these topics; there are thousands of books available.11
The word ‘survivalism’ is generally used to refer to this ‘reaction to surrounding anxiety’12 which leads us to prepare for major disasters by seeking self-sufficiency, in other words, independence from industrial supply systems. In recent years, this movement has developed in a dramatic fashion and in many forms. But the term ‘survivalist’ now brings together approaches and ways of understanding the world which are so varied that it has become difficult to use the word at all.
In fact, until the 1980s, ‘survivalists’ mainly meant leftwing ecological communities who were preparing for a nuclear winter. Today, ‘survivalism’ can just as well refer to people who want to learn to live in wild environments. It can also refer to groups who reject and resent the State, and seek self-sufficiency by withdrawal from its institutions, and hostility to anyone who might threaten their autonomy. These latter groups of ‘survivalists’, often politically on the far right, are not the only voice within the movement, but they contribute to survivalism’s bad reputation. This has led to a vicious circle in which the label is now used more to discredit than to describe anything specific, and this further reinforces the mistrust and tendency to withdrawal of some survivalist groups.
We don’t intend to provide here a psychological, sociological or historical analysis of survivalism. However, let’s build on the image that many people have of this movement, and the caricatures and clichés that have developed about it, and present the three aspects of our book in the form of stories.
We start with Robinson Crusoe, the famous hero of Daniel Defoe’s novel of 1719. Thrown off course by a hurricane, Crusoe’s ship is wrecked in South America, not far from the mouth of the Orinoco. He is the only survivor on a deserted island which he calls Despair Island. Despite his misfortune, Robinson manages to build himself somewhere to live, he makes a calendar, grows wheat, hunts, raises goats, and learns to make his own pottery. Cannibals regularly visit the island to kill and eat their prisoners there. When one of the prisoners manages to escape, Robinson welcomes him and they become friends. Robinson had desperately missed one thing: human relationships.
Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs’, often depicted as a pyramid, is a theory of motivation developed in the 1940s.13 This theory argued that the needs of the human being are first of all physiological (hunger, thirst, sleep, breathing, etc.); then came the needs for security, then for belonging and love, then for esteem, and finally, at the top of the pyramid, the need for self-actualization. The survivalist posture essentially puts the emphasis on the base, on the first two floors of the pyramid (physiological needs and security), as a sort of logical, caricature extension of modern thought. One could see it as a reflection of a materialistic, individualistic world, separated from nature and in permanent struggle, seeking the best means (material, that is) to live in a world populated by potential competitors and by living beings of which we ultimately do not know very much. In this world, food, firewood and weapons are obviously the way to safety.
Now let’s compare two fables. The first refers to the symbol of the French survivalist network, the ant, as in La Fontaine’s fable of the ant and the grasshopper. The ant spends her summer preparing food in anticipation of difficult times, while having to put up with the mockery of the grasshoppers who see no reason to worry about anything as long as the oil is flowing freely … But the ant grits her teeth. She becomes resentful and begins to delight in the pleasure that she will have when the hordes of hungry grasshoppers
