Figure 1.4. Map of sea surface of tank and drifting buoy positions during the first release. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/lefloch/remote.zip
The airborne sensors implemented for this release were:
– SETHI: radar (X + L quad-pol) and optical (SWIR) sensors;
– DGDDI: SLAR and IR/UV;
– DRDC: LWIR hyperspectral.
The third release took place on May 22, from 15:20 to 16:50 UTC. Because of the swell, products were also released directly from the back of the boat advancing towards the east at a speed of 1 knot: rapeseed oil was discharged from 15:00 to 15:30 UTC and FAME from 15:25 to 15:40 UTC (Figure 1.5). No samplings and no deployment of drifting buoys were possible due to the sea state.
The airborne sensors implemented for this release were:
– SETHI: radar (X + L quad-pol) and optical (SWIR) sensors;
– DGDDI: SLAR and IR/UV;
– DRDC: LWIR hyperspectral.
Figure 1.5. Releases from on board the Ailette (a) and rapeseed oil slick (b)
1.4. Conclusion
The POLLUPROOF project aims to set up a procedure for collecting evidence of illegal maritime pollution from noxious liquid substances using airborne sensors. To achieve this goal, an experimental approach was divided into two parts. First, optical sensors were calibrated in a mesoscale spill experiment. Then, optical and radar sensors were implemented in a realistic experiment at sea to image the slicks from noxious substances.
The optical and radar results obtained during these experiments are beyond the scope of this presentation and will be presented elsewhere. However, they are clearly promising and demonstrate how hyperspectral sensors are complementary to classic optical and radar sensors for the detection of chemicals at the sea surface.
The research presented in this chapter is part of the POLLUPROOF research program (ANR-13-ECOT-007) funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The authors are very grateful to everyone involved in the experiment at sea (ONERA, CEDRE, AVDEF, DGDDI and the French Navy).
1.5. References
[CED 15] CEDRE ACCIDENTAL WATER POLLUTION, Database of spill incidents and threats in waters around the world, available at: http://wwz.cedre.fr/en/Resources/Spills, (accessed June 2020), 2015.
[CUN 15] CUNHA I., MOREIRA S., SANTOS M.M., “Review on hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) involved in marine spill incidents – An online database”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 285, pp. 509–516, 2015.
[MAR 73] MARPOL, International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997, International Maritime Organization (IMO), available at: http://www.imo.org (accessed June 2020), 1973.
[OLA 09] OLAFSEN G., “Chemical tanker trade”, Chemical and Product Tanker Conference, Back to Fundamentals, London, UK, March 10–11, 2009.
[OPR 00] OPRC, Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, International Maritime Organization (IMO), available at: http://www.imo.org, (accessed June 2020), 2000.
Chapter written by Sophie CHATAING, Sébastien ANGELLIAUME, Pierre-Yves FOUCHER, Eldon PUCKRIN and Stéphane LE FLOCH.
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