Point-of-Care Ultrasound Techniques for the Small Animal Practitioner. Группа авторов

       Spleen size is subjective. A spleen that extends to a small or medium‐sized urinary bladder is considered enlarged.

       A folded spleen in a cat is always as a general rule considered abnormal and indicates splenomegaly (Hecht 2008).

       Normal cat spleen thickness is <10 mm (Reese et al. 2013).

       Benign nodular hyperplasia usually consists of nodules that are of homogeneous echotexture being either hypoechoic or hyperechoic.

       Single target lesions have a high predictive value for malignancy. When multiple target lesions are seen, the positive predictive value of malignancy increases from 74% to 81% (Cuccovillo and Lamb 2002).

       Normal echogenicity rule of thumb: the spleen (S) is more echogenic (hyperechoic) than the liver (Li) which is the same or slightly more echogenic (brighter) than the cortex of the kidney (CK), remembered as S > Li ≥ CK or by the mnemonic “SLiCK.” For the feline, hepatic echogenicity is often compared to the adjacent falciform fat and the feline liver should be isoechoic to slightly hypoechoic to the falciform fat.

      1 Crabtree AC, Spangler E, Beard D, et al. 2010. Diagnostic accuracy of gray‐scale ultrasonography for the detection of hepatic and splenic lymphoma in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51(6):661–614.

      2 Cuccovillo A, Lamb CR. 2002. Cellular features of sonographic target lesions of the liver and spleen in 21 dogs and a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43(3):275–278.

      3 Fife WD, Samii VF, Drost JS, et al. 2004. Comparison between malignant and nonmalignant splenic masses in dogs using contrast enhanced computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:289–297.

      4 Hammond TN, Pesillo‐Crosby SA. 2008. Prevalence of hemangiosarcoma in anemic dogs with a splenic mass and hemoperitoneum requiring a transfusion: 71 cases (2003–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(4):553–558.

      5 Hecht S. 2008. Spleen. In: Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography, edited by Penninck D, d’Anjou M. Ames: Blackwell Publishing, pp 263–280.

      6 Laurenson MP, Hopper K, Herrera MA, et al. 2010. Concurrent diseases and conditions in dogs with splenic vein thrombosis. J Vet Intern Med 24:1298–1304.

      7 Lisciandro GR. 2011. Abdominal and thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage, and monitoring in small animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 21(2):104–122.

      8 Lisciandro GR, Lagutchik MS, Mann KA, et al. 2009. Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19(5):426–437.

      9 Mai W. 2006. The hilar perivenous hyperechoic triangle as a sign of acute splenic torsion in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(5):487–491.

      10 Nyland TG, Mattoon JS, Herrgesell EJ, Wisner ER. 2002. Spleen. In: Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound, 2nd edition, edited by Nyland TG, Mattoon JS. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 132–133.

      11 Reese SH, Zekas LJ, Iazbik MC, et al. 2013. Effect of sevoflurane anesthesia and blood donation on the sonographic appearance of the spleen in 60 healthy cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54(2):168–175.

      12 Rossi F, Leone VF, Vignoli M, et al. 2008. Use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound for characterization of focal splenic lesions. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(2):154–164.