intensity Ir, and transmitted i...Figure 3.14 Refraction of sound in air with wind speed U(h) increasing with ...Figure 3.15 Refraction of sound in air with normal temperature lapse (temper...Figure 3.16 Refraction of sound in air with temperature inversion.Figure 3.17 Example of monopole. On the monopole surface, velocity of surfac...Figure 3.18 Sound pressure level in an interior sound field.Figure 3.19 Sound absorption coefficient α of typical absorbing materia...Figure 3.20 Measurement of reverberation time TR.Figure 3.21 Examples of recommended reverberation times.Figure 3.22 Sound source in anechoic room.Figure 3.23 Sound pressure level in a room (relative to sound power level) a...Figure 3.24 Dependence on frequency of bending‐wave speed cb on a beam or pa...Figure 3.25 Variation with frequency of bending wavelength λb on a beam...Figure 3.26 Diagram showing trace wave matching between waves in air of wave...Figure 3.27 Wavelength relations and effective radiating areas for corner, e...Figure 3.28 Comparison of theoretical and measured radiation ratios σ f...Figure 3.29 Measured radiation ratios of unstiffened and stiffened plates fo...Figure 3.30 Waves on a string: (a) Two opposite and equal traveling waves on...Figure 3.31 Sound waves in a tube. First mode standing wave for sound pressu...Figure 3.32 Direction cosines and vector k.Figure 3.33 Wave vectors for eight propagating waves.Figure 3.34 Standing wave for nx = 1, ny = 1, and nz = 1 (particle velocity ...Figure 3.35 Standing wave for nx = 1, ny = 1, and nz = 1 (sound pressure sho...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Simplified cross‐section through the human ear.Figure 4.2 Tympanic membrane (eardrum) and three auditory ossicles.Figure 4.3 Section through the cochlea and details of the organ of Corti.Figure 4.4 Cochlea “unwrapped” to show working of the ear schematically.Figure 4.5 Human auditory field envelope.Figure 4.6 Equal loudness contours. The contours join the sound pressure lev...Figure 4.7 Relationship between the loudness (in sones) and the loudness lev...Figure 4.8 Contours of equal loudness index.Figure 4.9 Contours joining sound pressure levels of pure tones at different...Figure 4.10 Masking of tones by noise at different frequencies and sound pre...Figure 4.11 Masking effect of a narrow‐band noise of bandwidth 160 Hz center...Figure 4.12 Postmasking at different masker sound pressure levels [17].Figure 4.13 Postmasking of 5‐ms, 2‐kHz tones preceded by bursts of uniform m...Figure 4.14 A‐, B‐, and C‐weighting filter characteristics used with sound l...Figure 4.15 Relation between subjective response and A‐weighted sound pressu...Figure 4.16 Loudness level in phons of a band of filtered white noise center...Figure 4.17 Dependence of loudness level LN (left ordinate) on duration Ti o...Figure 4.18 Critical bandwidth, critical ratio, and equivalent rectangular b...Figure 4.19 Relations between bark scale and frequency scale [17, 18].Figure 4.20 Masking patterns [17, 18] of narrow‐band noises centered at diff...Figure 4.21 Schematic illustration of Zwicker's loudness model [17, 18].Figure 4.22 Illustration of temporal effects in loudness processing [17, 18]...Figure 4.23 Block diagram of a dynamic loudness meter (DLM) [46].Figure 4.24 Shift in hearing threshold at different frequencies against age ...Figure 4.25 Sectional view of the head showing the important elements of the...Figure 4.26 Directivity patterns for the human voice in a horizontal plane....Figure 4.27 Directivity patterns for the human voice in a vertical plane....
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Differences in percentages of occurrence of various physiological...Figure 5.2 Incidence of hypertensive men and women workers (above and below ...Figure 5.3 Relative risks (odds ratio) for myocardial infarction due to road...Figure 5.4 Electron microscope image of the hair cells in the cochlea (a) ha...Figure 5.5 Schematic representation of the two basic impulse noise pressure–...Figure 5.6 Comparison of duration per day for allowable A‐weighted noise exp...Figure 5.7 Four basic types of hearing protector devices (HPDs).Figure 5.8 Mechanical model of the human body showing resonance frequency ra...Figure 5.9 Reiher‐Meister chart of human response to vertical vibrations [45...Figure 5.10 Acceleration frequency weightings for whole‐body vibration and m...Figure 5.11 Acceleration frequency weighting Wh for the evaluation of hand‐t...
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