Okamoto, IMF First Deputy Managing Director, October 2020, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/10/01/sp100120-resolving-global-debt-an-urgent-collective-action-cause.20 20 “Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.
21 21 “Inflation Rate, Average Consumer Prices, Annual Percent Change, Advanced Economies,” World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/ADVEC/OEMDC.
22 22 International Monetary Fund, DataMapper, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
23 23 “Youth Dividend or Ticking Time Bomb?” Africa Renewal, UN, 2017, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/youth-dividend-or-ticking-time-bomb.
24 24 “EM Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or Time Bomb?” Jonathan Wheatley, Financial Times, May 2013, https://www.ft.com/content/f08db252-6e84-371d-980a-30ab41650ff2.
25 25 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan, http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/e/zenkoku_e2017/pp_zenkoku2017e_gaiyou.html#e_zenkoku_II.
26 26 “Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.
27 27 Ibidem.
28 28 “U.S. Central Bank Cuts Interest Rate for 1st Time Since 2008,” CBC, July 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/federal-reserve-interest-rate-decision-1.5231891.
29 29 “United States Fed Funds Rate, 1971–2020,” Trading Economics, https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/interest-rate.
30 30 This practice is common in many oil- and gas-producing countries, such as Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE, Libya, and Kuwait, but also in other emerging markets such as China, Indonesia, Mexico, and Egypt. See: “Energy Subsidies, Tracking the Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies,” IEA, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies.
31 31 “Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends,” World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276728/WHO-HIS-HGF-HF-WorkingPaper-18.3-eng.pdf?ua=1.
32 32 “Global Infrastructure Outlook,” Global Infrastructure Hub, https://outlook.gihub.org/.
33 33 “We'll Live to 100—How Can We Afford It?” World Economic Forum, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_We_Will_Live_to_100.pdf.
34 34 “Labor Productivity and Costs,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/lpc/prodybar.htm.
35 35 “Decoupling of Wages from Productivity,” OECD, Economic Outlook, November 2018, https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/Decoupling-of-wages-from-productivity-november-2018-OECD-economic-outlook-chapter.pdf.
36 36 “Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets,” Robert Fogel, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf.
37 37 “Global Inequality is Declining—Largely Thanks to China and India,” Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, April 2018, https://bruegel.org/2018/04/global-income-inequality-is-declining-largely-thanks-to-china-and-india/.
38 38 “Upper-Middle-Income Countries,” World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
39 39 “China Lifts 740 Million Rural Poor Out of Poverty Since 1978,” Xinhua, September 2018, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/03/c_137441670.htm.
40 40 “Minneapolis Fed, “Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016,” https://www.minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp9.pdf.
41 41 “Piketty's Inequality Story in Six Charts,” John Cassidy, The New Yorker, March 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/pikettys-inequality-story-in-six-charts.
