during or after treatment. Novel drug delivery systems play a very significant role in addressing this problem as they maintain the concentration of the drug in the therapeutic range for a longer period of time and are also capable of delivering the drug to the required site. Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings of conventional dosage forms, sustained and controlled-release dosage forms have come into existence.
The aim of this book is to provide a single volume which includes a detailed description of various delivery systems, their principles and how they are used for the treatment of specific diseases. The book is divided into four sections. The first section discusses the importance of novel drug delivery systems whereas the second section presents a detailed overview of the most advanced drug delivery systems such as microbubbles, dendrimers, lipid-based nanoparticles, nanofibers, microemulsions, etc. This section describes the major principles and techniques involved in the preparation of drug delivery systems in great detail and provides recently updated coverage of the important principles involved in the underlying science behind these therapeutic delivery systems. In this section, renowned authors focus on providing complete insight into the novel delivery systems along with their practical applications in the fields of health, medicine and therapeutics. The third section mainly elaborates on the current evocative treatments of diverse diseases like cancer, topical diseases, tuberculosis, etc. Finally, the fourth section of the book provides a brief informative description of the regulatory aspects of novel drug delivery systems that are followed in various countries.
This book was designed for both dedicated scientists and those new to scientific research who work in the fields of health and medicine. The fresh insights in this book will enhance the knowledge of the innovative young minds of those in the field by delivering detailed informative descriptions of the latest novel modern pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems, which will in turn be a benefit to society.
Vivek Dave Srija Sur Nikita Gupta
1
Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery System and Its Applications
Vikas Jain*, Hitesh Kumar, Pallavi Chand, Sourabh Jain and Preethi S
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
Abstract
Various nanotechnology platforms have received notable attention in the field of medical biology, including diagnostics and therapy. In addition, research and development of engineered multifunctional nanoparticles as drug carriers has stimulated exponential development of applications in medicine. Lipid nanocarriers have been a very promising tool for the delivery of various drugs/therapeutic agents associated with solubility-, bioavailability-, and stability-related issues. Lipid nanocarriers including liposomes, solid lipid-based systems, self-emulsifying drug delivery system, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, cubosomes and hexosomes, etc. are being very promising lipidic carriers to deliver several drugs, therapeutics nucleic acids, antibodies, proteins/peptides, or ligand targeted agents. Lipids-based nanocarriers have the benefit of having exciting physicochemical behaviors such as higher bioavailability, least toxicity, higher drug loading, greater drug solubility, improved targeting effect of drug, etc. compared to others nanocarriers. This chapter includes the challenges and hurdles in lipid nano-formulations and their application in drug delivery in various diseases. The chapter provides a brief description of advantage, types of lipid nanocarriers, their preparation method, characteristic properties, and characterization/evaluation methods including instrumentations and application in the nanopharmaceutical field.
Keywords: Crystalline mesophases, drug delivery system, liposome, lipid nanocarriers, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery system, solid lipid nanoparticles
List of Abbreviations
| SLNs | Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) |
| NLCs | Nanostructured lipid carriers |
| SEDDS | Self-emulsifying drug delivery system |
| LDC | Lipid drug conjugate hydrophilic |
| HLB | Lipophilic balance (HLB) |
| SMEDDS | Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System |
| SNEDDS | Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System |
| FT-IR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
| NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
| MS | Mass spectrometry |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction |
| TGA | Thermal gravimetrical analysis |
| DSC | Differential scanning calorimetry |
| DLS | Dynamic light scattering |
| PCS | Photon correlation spectroscopy |
| SEM | Scanning electro-microscopy |
| TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
| PLM | Polarized light microscopy |
| AFM | Atomic Force Microscopy |
1.1 Introduction
Evolution and application of the nanotechnology in pharmaceutical field have brought the development of microscopic drug delivery systems, which have marked the birth of “micro age” drug delivery systems [1]. The beginning of the nano period can be dated back to the late 1970s as a result of the introduction of several nano tools known as nanoscaled medicine systems. A wide variety of colloidal drug carriers including polymer nanosphere and nano-capsules, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles are involved in nanoscaled drug delivery systems.
Presently, the development of drugs in the industry is more difficult and challenging because of an increasing number of poorly soluble drug(s) and the lack of targeted therapies. More than 90% of the recorded compounds have water insolubilities and/or are poorly soluble, often due to low bioavailability and a wide intra- and intersubject variation and lack of dosage efficacy [2, 3]. To address these issues, drug formulators need to look for new methods and novel formulation strategies and to ensure effective treatments for vulnerable patients.
Various nanotechnology platforms have received notable attention in the field of medical biology, including diagnostics and therapy. In addition, multifunction
