in Oscarella nic...Figure 2.12 Tissue modification during sexual reproduction in Halisarca duja...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Cnidarian body forms: polyp and medusa.Figure 3.2 Gross anatomy of a scleractinian polyp from an imperforate coral....Figure 3.3 Overview of key structures in a polyp from the scleractinian cora...Figure 3.4 Gross anatomy of an octocoral (gorgonian polyp).Figure 3.5 Subgross photomicrograph of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The e...Figure 3.6 Undecalcified Acropora cervicornis section prepared using resin e...Figure 3.7 Acropora cervicornis tissue section with aragonite skeleton disso...Figure 3.8 Diagram showing the surface body wall of a scleractinian polyp, s...Figure 3.9 Diagram of the key features of a scleractinian polyp mesentery. F...Figure 3.10 Body wall from a scleractinian coral, Orbicella annularis. The s...Figure 3.11 Body wall from a scleractinian coral, Orbicella cavernosa. The m...Figure 3.12 Body wall from a branching perforate scleractinian coral, Acropo...Figure 3.13 Body wall from an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.) showing ...Figure 3.14 Cross‐section of a moon jelly (Aurelia aurita). The epithelial l...Figure 3.15 Body wall of the gorgonian, Antillogorgia americana, sectioned a...Figure 3.16 Body wall of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The epidermis (E) i...Figure 3.17 High magnification of the surface of a sea fan, Gorgonia ventali...Figure 3.18 High magnification of the surface of another gorgonian, Plexaure...Figure 3.19 Epidermal mucocytes secreting through apical pores (arrows) in O...Figure 3.20 Diagram of a cnidocyte (left) ejecting venom from the tip of the...Figure 3.21 Exumbrella from a moon jelly (Aurelia auria). Embedded within th...Figure 3.22 Transmission electron microscopy of nematocysts from a spotted j...Figure 3.23 The tightly wound tropocollagen‐rich tubules of spirocysts are e...Figure 3.24 Ciliated surface body wall of the burrowing sea anemone, Ceriant...Figure 3.25 Epidermal pigment cells (arrows), possibly containing fluorescen...Figure 3.26 Melanin‐like pigment‐containing granular amoebocytes (aka amoebo...Figure 3.27 Squamous calicoblasts (arrowhead) in the calicodermis deep in th...Figure 3.28 Calicoblasts (arrows) containing eosinophilic granules in the ca...Figure 3.29 Corticocytes (arrow) secrete the proteinaceous axis and desmocyt...Figure 3.30 Low magnification of a fixed, decalcified sample from the sea fa...Figure 3.31 Section through the deep basal body wall of the scleractinian co...Figure 3.32 Vacuole‐bound symbiotic dinoflagellates in the gastrodermis of O...Figure 3.33 Transmission electron microscopy of zooxanthellae from a spotted...Figure 3.34 Large slightly basophilic mucocytes (arrows) line the gastroderm...Figure 3.35 Mesenteries of Montastraea cavernosa. The thickness of mesenteri...Figure 3.36 Mesenteries of aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). The mesent...Figure 3.37 Mesenterial filament of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The term...Figure 3.38 Mesenterial filaments of aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). ...Figure 3.39 Cnidoglandular band and mesentery sections in Pseudodiploria sp....Figure 3.40 Higher magnification of Figure 3.39. Nematocysts in cnidoglandul...Figure 3.41 Higher magnification of Figure 3.39. Gastrodermal granular pigme...Figure 3.42 Pigmented areas on mesenterial filaments of O. faveolata. Gross ...Figure 3.43 Large gastrodermal granular gland cells found in the mesentery o...Figure 3.44 Granular cells in the calcifying hydrozoan fire coral, MilleporaFigure 3.45 Mesoglea (asterisk) in coral Orbicella cavernosa. Epidermis is o...Figure 3.46 Mesoglea in gorgonian Gorgonia ventalina showing spaces left by ...Figure 3.47 Mesogleal pleats (P) in Fungia sp. 600×. HE.Figure 3.48 Mesogleal pleats (arrowheads) in Orbicella cavernosa have thick ...Figure 3.49 Arrays of myonemes (longitudinal section) (MN) from epitheliomus...Figure 3.50 Myonemes (arrowheads; cross‐section), basal extensions of epithe...Figure 3.51 Contracted bands of myonemes in cross‐section from a burrowing a...Figure 3.52 Surface body wall of Manicina areolata, showing the epidermis (E...Figure 3.53 Mesoglea of a moon jelly (Aurelia aurita). Amoebocytes are scatt...Figure 3.54 Mesoglea of a fleshy scleractinian coral, Colpophyllia natans, s...Figure 3.55 Mesoglea of a sea fan (Gorgonia ventalina), containing multiple ...Figure 3.56 Mesenteries in an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). Spermar...Figure 3.57 Spermatozoa in Acropora sp. 600×. HE.Figure 3.58 Spermatozoa in an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). 200×. H...Figure 3.59 Multiple stages of developing oocytes from the jellyfish Aurelia...Figure 3.60 Oocytes in Acropora sp. 200×. HE.Figure 3.61 Oocytes (asterisks) in an unknown species of gorgonian. The tiss...Figure 3.62 Oocytes (arrowheads) developing within the medusa stage in the f...Figure 3.63 Hydra spp. exist as solitary polyps and do not have a medusoid f...Figure 3.64 A myxozoan plasmodium located in the gill arch of the fish Lepom...Figure 3.65 Polar capsules of myxozoan spores found in gill arch of Lepomis ...Figure 3.66 Fragments of coral specimens enrobed in agar.Figure 3.67 Decalcification of coral fragment enrobed in agar. (a) Remove ex...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Shell of Lobatus gigas. The apex (arrow) of the shell was formed ...Figure 4.2 (a) Helix pomatia in anesthetized state. The head (arrowhead) and...Figure 4.3 Two female Lobatus gigas, removed from shell; (a) mantle cavity u...Figure 4.4 Dissected Helix in water cover displaying the internal organs. AG...Figure 4.5 Comparison of integument in (a) mantel of Littorina ziczac, 400×,...Figure 4.6 Hypobranchial gland of Cittarium pica. The gland is composed of c...Figure 4.7 (a) Connective tissue of the body of Lobatus gigas. Fibrous conne...Figure 4.8 Ventral (interior) mantel of Lobatus gigas. Epidermal cells are c...Figure 4.9 Dorsal (exterior) mantel of Lobatus gigas. Epidermal cells are le...Figure 4.10 Mantle edge of Lobatus gigas. Arrows designate the mantle edge g...Figure 4.11 Ink gland of mantle edge of Aplysia dactylomela. A large flask‐s...Figure 4.12 Overview of the mantle collar with zones of Helix. E, epithelium...Figure 4.13 Histologic structure of the mantle collar of Helix. (a) Mantle c...Figure 4.14 Undecalcified thin ground section of the shell of Helix. Ch, con...Figure 4.15 Pedal glands of Helix. (a) Overview of pedal protein gland and s...Figure 4.16 Columellar muscle of Triplofusus papillosus. Myocytes are arrang...Figure 4.17 Radular apparatus of Cerithium sp. Within the buccal cavity (B),...Figure 4.18 Posterior radular apparatus of Nerita peloronta. Odontoblasts ar...Figure 4.19 Pharynx and radula of Helix. (a) Overview of the cross‐section o...Figure 4.20 Esophagus of Cerithium sp. The esophagus has a very thin wall co...Figure 4.21 Longitudinal section of the esophagus of Helix. BB, brush border...Figure 4.22 Crop and salivary gland in Helix. (a) Longitudinal section of th...Figure 4.23 Stomach of Cerithium sp. In areas, the gastric mucosa is covered...Figure 4.24 Style sac of Lobatus gigas. A distinct fold in the wall is a ref...Figure 4.25 Intestine of Cittarium pica. Prominences reflect typhlosoles (ar...Figure 4.26 Anus of Lobatus gigas. The mucosa (M) is lined by simple to pseu...Figure 4.27 Midgut of an active Helix. (a) Overview of the midgut embedded i...Figure 4.28 Rectum of Helix. (a) Overview of cross‐section of the rectum. 50...Figure 4.29 Digestive gland of Cittarium pica. Acini (asterisks) are lined b...Figure 4.30 Digestive gland of Helix. (a) Overview of the digestive gland an...Figure 4.31 Ceras of Limenandra confusa. Cerata are extensions of the mantle...Figure 4.32 Kidney of Tegula excavata. Hemolymphatic spaces (H) separate tub...Figure 4.33 Histology of renal sac of active and inactive Helix. (a) Histolo...Figure 4.34 Renal sac and ureters in Helix. (a) Overview of primary ureter a...Figure 4.35 Nephridial gland of Lobatus gigas. Tubular folds are lined by si...Figure 4.36 Heart of Lobatus gigas. The myocardium consists of trabeculae (a...Figure 4.37 Overview of heart in pericardium and striated heart muscle of He...Figure 4.38 Histologic structure of the heart of Helix. (a) Ventricular wall...Figure 4.39 Pericardium of Cittarium pica. The pericardium consists of a mem...Figure 4.40 Different areas of the pericardium of Helix. ELM, epithelial lay...Figure 4.41 Hemolymphatic vessels in Helix. (a) Artery above subpedal gland....Figure 4.42 Hemocyte‐producing organ in Helix. (a) Overview of hemocyte‐prod...Figure 4.43 Type I hemocytes in the hemocyte‐producing organ and in the lung...Figure 4.44 Type II hemocytes of Helix. (a) Type II hemocytes in the lung an...Figure 4.45 Gill of Tegula excavata. The gill is bipectinate, bearing lamell...Figure 4.46 Lung of Helix. (a) Overview of cross‐section of the lung. 30×. H...Figure 4.47 Nerves of Helix. (a) Large
