olefination of phenylacetic acid scaffolds using a pyridine‐based template via an amide linkage. A variety of phenylacetic acids, including cyclic and heterocyclic substrates, were efficiently meta‐C–H olefinated in HFIP solvent without using additional ligand, opening new avenues for potential utility in C–H functionalization of advanced intermediates and late‐stage modifications. Notably, the template could be used to extend the reaction scope to cross‐coupling and iodination reactions (vide infra).
Scheme 2.13 Pyridine‐based template assisted meta‐C–H olefination of phenylacetic acid derivatives.
Source: Modified from Jin et al. [23].
A novel N‐containing pyrimidine‐based template was also utilized to enable meta‐C–H perfluoroalkenylation of phenylacetic acid derivatives by Werz, Zanoni, Maiti, and coworkers for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds (Scheme 2.14a) [24]. Notably, perfluoroalkenylation of drug molecule Ibuprofen was also possible with this protocol and the cleavage of the template is facile.
Scheme 2.14 (a) meta‐C‐H perfluoroalkenylation of phenylacetic acid derivatives. (b) meta‐C‐H alkenylation of phenylacetic acid derivatives with electron‐deficient coupling partners.
Source: (a) Modified from Brochetta et al. [24]; (b) Modified from Jiao et al. [25].
Meanwhile, Wang, Zhou, and coworkers also reported a close protocol using olefin coupling partners other than perfluoroolefins such as acrylates (Scheme 2.14b) [25].
As mentioned earlier, pyridine‐based template has been devised for meta‐C–H olefination of phenylacetic acid scaffolds by the Yu group [23]. In the same report, it was also demonstrated that the meta‐C–H activation with this template could be extended to meta‐C–H cross‐coupling with potassium trifluoroborate and meta‐C–H iodination with 1,3‐diiodo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DIH) (Scheme 2.15) [23]. These results indicated that by tuning the distance and geometry a commonly used ortho‐directing group (i.e. pyridyl) can be engineered to produce novel meta‐directing templates for activating remote meta‐C
Scheme 2.15 Pyridine‐based template assisted meta‐C–H arylation and iodination of phenylacetic acid derivatives.
Source: Modified from Jin et al. [23].
Deuterium‐labeled compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical industry and kinetic studies of chemical reactions. However, deuterated compounds are often prepared with multistep synthetic routes. In 2019, by using the easily removable pyrimidine‐based templates, Werz, Maiti, and coworkers realized the Pd‐catalyzed meta‐C–H deuteration of phenylacetic acid derivatives with easily available deuterium source such as deuterated acetic acid [26]. Notably, the method could be successfully been applied to several drug molecules such as Flurbiprofen (Scheme 2.16a). Simultaneously, Yu, Dai, and coworkers also achieved similar meta‐C–H deuteration with a pyridine‐based template (Scheme 2.16b) [19].
Scheme 2.16 (a) meta‐C–H deuteration of phenylacetic acid derivatives pyrimidine‐based templates. (b) meta‐C–H deuteration of phenylacetic acid derivatives pyridine‐based templates.
Finally, Pd‐catalyzed meta‐C–H allylation of phenylacetic acid derivatives has also been achieved with pyrimidine‐based template utilizing synthetically inert unactivated acyclic internal olefins as allylic surrogates, but only limited examples were disclosed [27]. In short, meta‐C–H transformation of phenylacetic acid derivatives includes olefination, arylation, iodination, and deuteration with Pd(II) or Rh(III) catalysts, using nitrile‐based or N‐heterocycle‐based templates.
2.2.2.3 Benzoic Acid Derivatives
Benzoic acids are highly important structural motifs or precursors for drug molecules or natural products. Efficient diversification of benzoic acid derivatives is significantly desired in drug discovery. Benzoic acids were conventionally functionalized at the meta‐position by electrophilic aromatic substitution under harsh conditions as they are generally deactivated toward electrophilic reactions. Though the meta‐C–H activation strategy using directing templates has been successfully applied to many electron‐rich/neutral arenes, it is generally less effective for electron‐deficient arenes, possibly due to the low reactivity of electron‐deficient arenes toward palladation in this type of reaction. Consequently, transition‐metal‐catalyzed meta‐C–H activation of benzoic acids is considerably challenging. In early 2016, the Li group developed the first effective nosyl protected 2‐cyano‐phenylethylamine directing template that efficiently promoted the meta‐C–H olefination of a broad range of electron‐poor benzoic acid derivatives, regardless of the substitution patterns (Scheme 2.17) [28]. Remarkably, this protocol tolerated challenging highly electron‐deficient tri‐substituted benzoic acid derivatives. Such substitution pattern was not observed in previous transition‐metal catalyzed meta‐C–H functionalizations of (hetero)arenes through known approaches before the disclosure of this work (Scheme 2.17a). This result might imply that a matched directing template is important for meta‐C–H functionalizations of different substrates regardless of electronic property of the substrate. Notably, molecular oxygen that is environmentally benign could be utilized as the terminal oxidant in this protocol. Instead, costly silver salt oxidants were predominantly used in almost all template assisted meta‐C–H olefinations. Moreover, the mono‐/di‐olefination selectivity could be improved by switching the MPAA ligand. For example, a good ratio of mono over di‐olefination could be achieved for the model substrate (44, R = H) by selecting Formyl‐Gly‐OH instead of Ac‐Gly‐OH as the ligand, though the yield was reduced a little bit. Finally, the sulfonamide chelating template, which is now available from Sigma‐Aldrich as the Li–Li auxiliary, could be readily prepared in a large scale and easily cleaved from the product and recycled under very mild basic conditions (Scheme
