afterwards washed off. The process, however, is now generally performed by a machine carrying four blades or “slickers” on separate spring-arms which work outwards from the centre of the butt, and lift on the return stroke (Fig. 11). In place of removing the bloom by striking it is now generally removed by scouring tools of smooth sandstone, aided by brushes and plenty of water, before vatting and usually by machine. After the first striking, the goods are dried a little further, piled again overnight, and again struck to smooth them and remove tool marks, often after rubbing the surface with an oily rag. After the second striking, they are rolled, now almost universally by machines of the type shown in Fig. 12, coloured if desired by sponging with a pigment or dye solution, often containing some mucilaginous ingredient and a little linseed oil to heighten the gloss, again rolled with a heavier pressure, and hung up in a warmed and well-ventilated room to dry off. The whole process of finishing takes nearly a fortnight, and much judgment is needed as to the exact “temper” or degree of dryness required for each of the operations. Such is a brief description of the usual methods, which, however, vary in detail in different yards.
Fig. 10. Striking pin and section.
Fig. 11. Butt rolling machine.
Fig. 12. Wilson’s striking machine.
The common American method is much simpler and rougher. The goods are dried completely after light oiling, damped back and piled to equalize, and rolled twice with pendulum rollers driven at a high speed, which give a good gloss, but not the even colour and freedom from wrinkles which is demanded in English leather.
1 Fuller information as to structure is given in the Lea. Ind. Laboratory Book, Chap. XIX.
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