when, no doubt, they would soon become acclimatised and able to shift for themselves.
THE POPE, or CRESTLESS CARDINAL, Paroaria larvata, is somewhat smaller than the last-named species, which it closely resembles in its plumage, the great point of difference being the total absence of a crest in the case of the bird now under consideration: it is a native of Brazil, perfectly hardy if turned out during the summer, and no more to be trusted with other, and especially smaller, species than its larger relative with the crest. Like the latter, the Popes have bred in confinement; that is to say, in the comparative freedom of a garden aviary, for I have no knowledge of their nesting in a cage, or even in a bird-room, and from their shy and retiring habits think it is extremely unlikely that they would do so.
The sexes are alike in appearance, but the female is a trifle smaller than her mate, and has a more subdued and quieter manner than he has. The eggs resemble those of the Red-crested Cardinal, but are smaller: there are two broods in the season, of from three to five each.
THE YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL, Paroaria capitata, is also a native of South America, and is crestless; it is smaller than the Pope, from which it differs not only by the colour of its beak, but also in that of the head feathers, which are brownish-red, small, and very closely set. The sexes are alike, but several females I have seen showed a trace of white on the wings.
This species would appear to be more delicate than either of the preceding, and to be more insectivorous in their habits. Some I at one time possessed appeared to suffer so much from the cold of their first winter in this country—to which their hardier companions seemed perfectly indifferent—that I was forced to take them indoors. They made a nest, but did not lay; so I have no personal knowledge of their eggs, which are said, however, to closely resemble those of their congeners.
I found them quiet and uninterfering with other birds, and the song of the male was very pretty; so that, on the whole, I can cordially recommend them to the notice of amateurs.
THE BLACK-CRESTED CARDINAL, Gubernatrix cristatella, is very generally known, especially by dealers, as the Green Cardinal, though upon close examination it will be found that it bears no trace of green in its plumage, which is coloured black and yellow; the crest is large, jet black, and very upright, and the bird itself about the size of a thrush, but owing to its crest, and longer wings and tail, it seems larger.
Like the rest of the Cardinals, this bird comes from South America, and is quite hardy. At the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park it has bred on several occasions, and also in the aviaries of several amateurs, but not in mine. The female is readily distinguished by her duller-coloured plumage, as well as by the size of her crest, which is not nearly as conspicuous as that of her mate.
At the “Zoo,” this bird is separated from the rest of the family and placed in a genus by itself—the genus Gubernatrix, of which it forms the sole representative: as well as the three preceding species, which constitute the genus Paroaria, it is placed in the family Fringillidæ—but erroneously so, I think, seeing that the Cardinals are, all of them, as much insectivorous in their choice of food as granivorous, or perhaps more so, and feed their young entirely on insects of all kinds.
FIG. 2. THE VIRGINIAN NIGHTINGALE.
THE CARDINAL GROSSBEAK, or VIRGINIAN NIGHTINGALE, Cardinalis virginianus (illustrated at Fig. 2), is a handsome bird, about the size of a thrush, that is very frequently imported from the southern parts of North America; like the rest of the members of the family to which it belongs, it will eat seed, fruit, and insects, but if kept on an exclusively granivorous diet it is frequently unable to reproduce its feathers—in which case it generally dies of atrophy or decline.
As the name implies, the general colour is scarlet—even the beak and legs partaking of the same ruddy hue—but the throat is black. The female is of a reddish-brown colour, and can at a glance be distinguished from her mate, who sings very sweetly, but, in my judgment, has no pretension to be called a nightingale.
These birds will occasionally breed in this country, but do so less freely than their grey or green relations; those I have had from time to time have not made any attempt in that direction, but other fanciers have been more fortunate. The eggs are said to be bluish-white, speckled with olive, green, and brown spots. The young resemble their mother, and have a dark brown, nearly black, bill. The treatment and feeding should be the same as for the rest of the Cardinals.
CHAPTER III.
THE CROW FAMILY
(Corvidœ).
The White-backed Piping Crow—The Hunting Crow—The Wandering Pie—The Chinese Blue Pie—The Chinese Blue Magpie—The Spanish Blue Magpie—The Blue-bearded Jay—The Pileated Jay.
THERE are quite a number of most delightful foreign birds belonging to the Crow family, many of which make the most charming pets and should have a place in every collection: the only drawback to keeping them is that, as a rule, they are of a tyrannical disposition, and cannot be kept at close quarters with birds belonging to other families, particularly if smaller than themselves.
They may be generally described as omnivorous in their habits, and in confinement should be fed on meat, fruit, boiled maize or other corn, ants’ eggs, and insects of all kinds; the two latter items for the smaller members of the family, while the larger every now and then will need a mouse or a small bird to keep them in health. I propose taking the latter first, premising that they are all most intelligent birds and susceptible of being completely tamed.
THE WHITE-BACKED PIPING CROW, Gymnorhina leuconota, is an Australian species, and is a general favourite with the Colonists, by whom it is popularly known as the Magpie, not only on account of its susceptibility for domestication, but of the invaluable services it renders to them by the destruction of innumerable hosts of noxious insects, especially scorpions and monstrous centipedes, which are only a shade less venomous than the former repulsive-looking creatures.
This species is stated in the list of the Zoological Society to be a native of South Australia, but this is too restricted a habitat, as it is common in Victoria and New South Wales, and differs but slightly from the Tasmanian Piping Crow, of which the same authority has constituted a distinct species under the name of Gymnorhina organica.
The White-backed Piping Crow is well described by its English name: it is a fine bird about the size of our Carrion Crow, with a strong beak of a bluish colour, white back, and black body.
Some of these birds, especially if reared by hand from the nest, make most accomplished talkers, and will also learn to whistle a tune or tunes, when, as their voice is naturally harmonious and mellow, a very fine effect is produced: the only drawback is that their notes are rather too loud for the house; they are very attractive, however, in the open air.
All the Piping Crows are quite hardy, and will winter readily out of doors in this country; but no instance of their having nested in confinement has ever come to my knowledge, though in a suitable place I see no reason why they should not do so.
