book to readers as my own small contribution to the continued interrogation of whiteness. Several of my informants have been resistant to this centering of whiteness (see Methodology section), and during my research (2011–2019), I rarely heard whites in these fields discuss the Black Lives Matter movement or its concerns. Today, in the midst of marches, protests, organizing, and revolt, many yogis and festival participants are discussing racism in myriad expressions, some in anti-racist ways. I hope that by laying bare the contours, expressions, and controls of whiteness, this project contributes to provincializing its power. No justice, no peace. Black Lives Matter.
NOTE ON LANGUAGE
All of the ethnographic research quoted in this manuscript was conducted in English unless otherwise noted. For Sanskrit terms incorporated into the English language (e.g., guru, ashram, Tantra, mantra, and yoga), I have removed diacritics and italics. When referencing less frequently occurring Sanskrit terms (e.g., āsana, kīrtan, chaturaṇga, prāṇām, and prāṇāyāma) and to identify Sanskrit texts (e.g., Yoga Sūtras), I have retained italics and diacritics to help readers with pronunciation. I have maintained English pluralization norms (e.g., ashrams, mantras, and kīrtans).
Introduction
Shakti Fest, 2015
As the sun crests over the arid desert of Joshua Tree, California, Chandan (Isaiah), a middle-aged white man in the attire of a Hindu priest, sits at a fire pit and leads the assembled crowd in reciting Vedic mantras. A large audience of participants responds with cries of “svāhā!” to each of the hundreds of Sanskrit invocations that he recites as he offers oblations into the fire. There is palpable excitement in the air; the homa (fire sacrifice) invokes an auspicious beginning of Shakti Fest, a five-day yoga and kīrtan (devotional music) festival. Homas are ancient Vedic rites traditionally performed by Indian Hindu brahman priests for auspicious occasions. But here in the California desert, whites define, create, and administrate the Hindu rituals at Shakti Fest; participants may be serious, dedicated practitioners of Hindu rituals, but they identify as “spiritual, but not religious.”
Several days prior and one hundred yards away, the temple is silent in the Joshua Tree Retreat Center, the home of the Institute of Mentalphysics1 and for this weekend, the sacred geography of Shakti Fest. Over the course of the upcoming festival weekend, the temple will bustle with thousands attending lectures, workshops, and yoga classes with some of the leading yogis and kīrtan artists in the United States. But this morning, the sacred geometrical architecture of the temple reverberates with a more subtle and calm energy as the famed yoga teacher Eli Gordon intones in a soft lilting voice and invites a small group of dedicated yogis to enter the “waters of consciousness” with a series of deep breaths. He begins this full-day intensive yoga workshop by drawing participants into the heart space that he is creating, weaving together an aura of sacrality with ideas drawn from multiple religious traditions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Zen, Sufism, and Native American religions. His poetic spiritual tapestries create a narrative that reveals humanity and the earth in crisis: there is a problem with modernity and a dire need for a solution. Like many others before him, he articulates the need in terms of a recovery project: ancient wisdom has been lost, and it needs to be found and revitalized. In his words,
[Albert] Einstein said very beautifully, “The ancient people seem to have understood something very important that we have lost.” And the answer is not of course to go back to the way things were thousands of years ago because that would deny all of what’s happened since. This evolutionary wave is coming together which is so beautifully evident here in the desert. All these practices and different tribal members and colors of the rainbow creating a new way. There are certain principles which are so important. And of course, nothing is more important than the Mother, the Earth.2
In these few sentences, he weaves together an admiration for science, but also the mourning of the loss of premodern knowledge, a demand for a new evolution, an affirmation of creating a bricolage of practices and people for spiritual innovation, a celebration of the unification of tribes, and a demand for the centrality of ecology. These are the ideals; yoga is the method.
•••
Burning Man Work Party, Summer 2016
After an hour-long drive wearing my tattered, paint-smeared, get-ready-to-work overalls, I carried my light and somewhat unscathed toolbox through the driveway gate at the Sunland property. In my other hand, I had a cooler, filled with frozen homemade green juice I had pressed for day five of my juice fast. Standing in the courtyard, to my right, was the Blind Mistress, a two-story vision of an art car built out of an old RV, currently languishing in various states of disarray. Looking back, I stood at the precipice between two worlds. For the past five years, I had been inculcated into the world of yogic transformational festivals. I had arrived at this French Quarter Village work party in Los Angeles prepared to learn about the grandfather of these festivals, Burning Man. But instead of continuity, there was difference, which I noted as the cigarettes lit up after the hearty work crew rewarded themselves with a midday meal of loaded pizzas and beers. I longed for all of it, but instead I sipped my green juice—eyes wide open. The collected crew of about ten Burning Man veterans laughed and told stories of life and Burns past. Immediately, I felt at home in this tightly knit and intimately connected established community. When the jokes and stories became marked with silences, it was time to get back to work. I climbed into one of the top-floor sleeping compartments of the Blind Mistress, which was oven hot in the afternoon sun, and I began to wire the outlets.
That morning, when I had first walked in, I had set down my toolbox and cooler of green juice. My presence in the early morning somewhat surprised Sloane and Michael, who were already hard at work. I was a stranger and felt a bit like an intruder, but I explained I was here to help and introduced myself. They exchanged a glance that conveyed a semblance of, “Who is going to take this one?” Sloane stopped what he was doing, looked at me, and said, “What can you do?” I said something like, “I’m fairly handy. I am smart, and I can learn things. I can paint, but I don’t do electrical.” He paused for a beat and said, “Well—do you want to learn electrical? Because I need an assistant.” I learned electrical from Sloane all that day and every weekend for the next month. By the end, I could pull and run wire, wire an outlet with attached switch or stand alone, and climb a twenty-foot ladder safely without being nervous.
From the outset, Sloane was very concerned with teaching me to learn for myself. He would show me and then let me do it. When I was done, I would ask him to check my work, and he would ask: “Do I need to? How do you feel about it? Does it need to be checked?” Several weeks later, on the playa3 during build week of my first Burning Man (the week before the gates open), I was struggling to throw a heavy cable fifteen feet in the air to him. I tried and failed, repeatedly. A friend walked by, saw my struggle, and threw the cable up to him for me. Sloane laughed, thanked him, and then dropped the cable back down to me, telling him, “I want her to learn to do it.” I kept throwing the cable, and eventually, he caught it. While we worked, I learned the basics of how to throw a cable and how to do electrical wiring, but I also learned to recognize that my mental frame had set limitations for my own potential when I had said, “I don’t do electrical.” At one point during our working banter, Sloane said, “I can’t even tell you how many women I have done this for,” meaning that he felt he had empowered these women to accomplish tasks they hadn’t thought they could do. We might imagine Sloane, over his twenty-year career as a Burner, as an enabler of personal transformation. Burning Man is filled with leaders like him, who actively open avenues for others to exceed their existing sense of self.
•••
In the four years since that day, that old toolbox fell apart from overuse and I bought a bigger one—and an impact driver. I know more about propane mechanics than I ever thought that I would. I recently told an old friend that I was looking
