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HISTORY OF STRAWBERRY DOMESTICATION
It seems likely that our species, Homo sapiens, has always gathered and consumed strawberries from the wild. Who can walk by a strawberry patch in a forest or field without gathering these succulent berries? In fact, the ease with which strawberries can be collected from the wild may actually have delayed their cultivation until almost modern times. Although our important grain crops were domesticated over 10,000 years ago (Hancock, 2014), the first strawberry species were domesticated in the last 2000 years, and the major strawberry of commerce, Fragaria × ananassa, was born only 250 years ago.
DOMESTICATION OF OLD WORLD SPECIES
The strawberry was probably grown in Roman and Greek gardens, but there is only limited reference to its cultivation in early writings (Darrow, 1966). Ovid and Virgil mentioned the strawberry in poems, and Pliny (AD 23–79) lists its fruit ‘Fraga’ (fragrant) as a natural product of Italy. It seems likely that the Romans cultivated indigenous strawberries, as they spent considerable funds importing a wide array of fruits for their country estates including apples, apricots, cherries, citrons, figs, grapes, peaches, plums and pears (Wilhelm and Sagen, 1974).
The first references to strawberry cultivation in Europe appear in the French literature of the 1300s. Most notably, it is known that King Charles V had over 1000 strawberries planted in the royal gardens of the Louvre in Paris, and strawberries were grown in four blocks of the gardens of the Dukes of Burgundy (Darrow, 1966). The mother stock for these gardens was most likely collected from the wild, and then propagated by moving runners from established blocks to vacant soil. The popularity of the strawberry steadily grew during the Middle Ages, in spite of a warning from the noted abbess and mystic St Hildegard von Bingen in the 12th century that the strawberry was unhealthy because its fruit were found near
