Vietnam veterans, whereas gay and lesbian activists campaigned to de-medicalise homosexuality and feminists have criticised the inclusion of PMDD in the DSM.
The content of the DSM has changed over the sixty years between its first and fifth editions. It has changed from being a brief list of categories designed to produce statistics on the characteristics of adult patients in asylums to a larger, more detailed manual with a much broader scope. The DSM now covers the entire lifespan – including problems of varying severity – across a broader range of settings and serves a wider range of functions.
This chapter has identified shifts in the theoretical models that have informed the DSM – from the broadly organic and psychodynamic approach of the first two editions, through to the more biomedical approach of the third edition. Finally, it looked at the fifth edition’s departure from Spitzer’s principles, with its focus on clinical rather than research utility and the conflict between the DSM-5 and RDoC projects. This chapter has also examined a number of the conceptual, ethical and practical problems of psychiatric diagnosis, including its reliability, validity and the appropriateness of a medical framework. Whatever your views about diagnosis, it seems likely that it will continue to have a significant influence on mental health for some time to come.
Further reading
This chapter provides a useful insight into the process of diagnosis, including the conceptual coherence and validity of diagnostic systems:Boyle, M. (1999) ‘Diagnosis’, in Newnes, C., Holmes, G. and Dunn, C. (eds.) This is madness: a critical look at psychiatry and the future of mental health services. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, pp. 75–90.
This is a short, accessible introduction to some of the debates in the chapter. Chapters 3–6 are particularly useful:Johnstone, L. (2014) A straight talking introduction to psychiatric diagnosis. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
References
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1952) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-I). Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1968) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-II). 2nd edn. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III). 3rd edn. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). 4th edn. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th edn. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Castillo, H. (2003) Personality disorder: temperament or trauma?. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Compton, W.M. and Guze, S.B. (1995) ‘The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis’, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245(4–5), pp. 196–201.
Cromby, J., Harper, D. and Reavey, P. (2013) Psychology, mental health and distress. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ebeling, M. (2011) ‘‘Get with the Program!’: pharmaceutical marketing, symptom checklists and self-diagnosis’, Social Science & Medicine, 73(6), pp. 825–832.
Frances, A. (2013) Saving normal: an insider’s revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, big pharma and the medicalization of ordinary life. New York: HarperCollins.
Freedman, R., Lewis, D.A., Michels, R., Pine, D.S., Schultz, S.K., Tamminga, C.A., Gabbard, G.O., Shur-Fen Gau, S., Javitt, D.C., Oquendo, M.A., Shrout, P.E., Vieta, E. and Yager, J. (2013) ‘The initial field trials of DSM-5: new blooms and old thorns’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), pp. 1–5. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091189.
Insel, T. (2013) ‘Post by former NIMH Director Thomas Insel: transforming diagnosis’, The National Institute of Mental Health, 29 April. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml (Accessed: 26 February 2020).
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D.S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C. and Wang, P. (2010) ‘Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), pp. 748–751.
Kendell, R.E., Cooper, J.E., Gourlay, A.J., Copeland, J.R., Sharpe, L. and Gurland, B.J. (1971) ‘Diagnostic criteria of American and British psychiatrists’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 25(2), pp. 123–130.
Kupfer, D. (2013) ‘Statement by David Kupfer, MD: Chair of DSM-5 Task Force discusses future of mental health research’. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Available at: https://www.madinamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Statement-from-dsm-chair-david-kupfer-md.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020).
Kutchins, H. and Kirk, S.A. (1999) Making us crazy: DSM – the psychiatric bible and the creation of mental disorders. London: Constable.
Shooter, M. (2010) ‘What my diagnosis means to me’, Journal of Mental Health, 19(4), pp. 366–368. doi:10.3109/09638231003728174.
Spitzer, R.L. and Fleiss, J.L. (1974) ‘A re-analysis of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 125(587), pp. 341–347. doi:10.1192/bjp.125.4.341.
Thorne, F.C. and Nathan, P.E. (1969) ‘The general validity of official diagnostic classifications’, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(4), pp. 375–383.
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V. and Ravelli, A. (2000) ‘Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?, Schizophrenia Research, 45(1–2), pp. 11–20.
War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203 (1946) ‘Nomenclature of psychiatric disorders and reactions’, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(3), pp. 289–296.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1949) International classification of diseases (ICD-6). 6th rev. edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1968) International classification of diseases (ICD-8). 8th rev. edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) International classification of diseases (ICD-11). 11th rev. edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zubin, J. (1967) ‘Classification of the behavior disorders’, Annual Review of Psychology, 18(1), pp. 373–406.
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте
