a topic of interest.
Example 2: Some students struggle with knowing what level of detail to write about in the Introduction section, which is to say that not all students struggle with this task.
Could of, Would of—Could have, Would have
According to Blue (2000), there is no such phrase as “could of” in English. The same is true for “would of.” What happens is that when we are speaking, many times we do not articulate well; so when we say “could have,” it actually sounds like “could of.” In fact, if you were to use the contraction form, “could’ve,” it sounds very similar to “could of.” However, the proper phrases are “could have,” “would have,” “must have,” and so on; our writing should reflect the proper usage.
Example 1: I could have used a between-groups or within-groups design.
Example 2: If I had known, I would have attended that conference last spring.
Avoid these 11 common errors, and you will show your audience that you are conscientious about your writing and that you pay attention to details. For more types of errors (with examples), see Tables 4.1 and 4.2. We have bolded the changes in the corrected sentences so you can find exactly what was changed. You may also want to pay attention to grammar checkers available in most word-processing programs. In Microsoft Word, grammatical errors show up underlined with little squiggly green lines (spelling errors have red squiggly lines). Right clicking on the underlined green words provides suggestions for change.
Table 4.1 ●
Note: The examples in the table are adapted from Gottschalk and Hjortshoj (2004) and Landrum (2012).
Table 4.2 ●
As you continue to practice your writing, using these rules should eventually become second nature. Although it may be handy to know the name of the rule and what parts of speech are involved, we believe it is much more important to infuse these rules into your writing to avoid making the mistakes. You may not know that the first draft of a sentence you have just written in a research paper includes a dangling participle or a misplaced modifier, but we want you to practice enough so that you can “hear” or “see” the error and correct it while revising your draft. Writing is a “use it or lose it” skill. Practicing your writing with helpful feedback is essential if you want to be able to think and write clearly. Rest assured, to this day, we write and rewrite our papers. We go back and check our work before we pass it on. We try to get another set of eyes to proofread for grammatical errors (or we hire good editors). Very few folks naturally have the magical gift of grammatical writing.
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