system in GermanyFigure 5.11 Large solar system integrated into the facade of Stadtwerke, ULM...Figure 5.12 Flow of modules into main global marketsFigure 5.13 Evolution of cumulative installed photovoltaic capacity by regio...Figure 5.14 Large‐scale solar system on a supermarket with high self‐consump...Figure 5.15 Photovoltaics LCOE and value of electricity for a residential 5 ...Figure 5.16 Price of polysilicon to the photovoltaics industry, 1995 to 2012...Figure 5.17 550 MWp Topaz Solar Farm, United StatesFigure 5.18 Unmanned ground surveillance drone capable of 90 days’ continuou...6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Growth of annual installations in the world photovoltaics market ...Figure 6.2 Cumulative installed capacity for on‐ and off‐grid photovoltaics ...Figure 6.3 German cities offering significant FITs (circle area) in 1999 [14...Figure 6.4 Relative proportions of centralised and distributed on‐grid photo...Figure 6.5 Cumulative installation of centralised and distributed on‐grid ph...Figure 6.6 Installation of grid‐connected centralised and decentralised phot...Figure 6.7 Structure of a typical solar PPA, as described by the US Environm...Figure 6.8 El Romero Solar Field, Atacama Desert, ChileFigure 6.9 RPS targets for four leading US states plus Washington, DC [29]...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Growth of a silicon ribbon by the dendritic web process [5]Figure 7.2 Schematic of EFG growth equipment [5]Figure 7.3 Growth of a silicon string ribbon [5]Figure 7.4 Schematic of the RGS process [5]Figure 7.5 Progress in cell efficiency of direct wafer solar cells [32]Figure 7.6 Amorphous silicon structureFigure 7.7 Schematic of a single‐junction p‐i‐n amorphous silicon solar cell...Figure 7.8 Spectral response of a typical stabilised a‐Si/a‐Si/Ge tandem sol...Figure 7.9 Sanyo’s ‘Solar Ark’ with amorphous silicon panelsFigure 7.10 Throughput and yield of the Solarex a‐Si module manufacturing pl...Figure 7.11 Efficiency of a crystalline silicon film with a minority carrier...Figure 7.12 Interconnection scheme for crystalline silicon on glass [92]Figure 7.13 Schematic structure of a CIS or CIGS solar cellFigure 7.14 Annual shipments of thin‐film photovoltaic modules by technology...Figure 7.15 Topaz Solar Farm, Sacramento, CA with 550 MWp of First Solar mod...Figure 7.16 Mechanism for a DSSC [164]Figure 7.17 Schematic of a bulk heterojunction OPV, showing the interpenetra...Figure 7.18 Best solar cell efficiencies with time for different thin‐film t...Figure 7.19 Perovskite crystallographic structure, where A is a short‐chain ...Figure 7.20 External quantum efficiency (EQE) of PVK and silicon solar cells...Figure 7.21 Flatcon 500× receiver at FhG.ISE [182]
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Structure of an LGBC solar cellFigure 8.2 Structure of a PESC [27]Figure 8.3 Modelled efficiency versus wafer thickness for varying degrees of...Figure 8.4 Structure of a PERL silicon solar cell [32]Figure 8.5 Total reflectance from an aluminium‐coated silicon oxide/nitride ...Figure 8.6 Q.ANTUM PERC solar cell [42]Figure 8.7 Conventional PERC cell with (a) full rear‐surface aluminium cover...Figure 8.8 Bifacial 8.27 kWp photovoltaic noise barrier installed in Aubrugg...Figure 8.9 Trina Solar Duomax Twin 60 bifacial glass–glass moduleFigure 8.10 Effect of oxygen and boron doping on the relative loss of minori...Figure 8.11 Structure of a HIT cell with n type silicon wafer and passivatin...Figure 8.12 Structure of an IBC‐SHJ cell [95]Figure 8.13 Quantum efficiency and reflectance spectra for the 26.3% HJ‐IBC ...Figure 8.14 Cross‐section of a rear‐contact solar cell with point diffusions...Figure 8.15 A typical SunPower installation with bifacial modules tracked to...Figure 8.16 Two‐dimensional schematic diagram of an ANU/Trina Solar IBC cell...Figure 8.17 Schematic process for assembling a triple‐junction solar cell on...Figure 8.18 Proof‐of‐concept monolithic perovskite on an SHJ solar cell [127...Figure 8.19 Absorption profile of an optimised perovskite silicon tandem cel...Figure 8.20 Relative severity of different modes of module failure as a perc...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Projected growth of global electricity demand 2000–2060, accordin...
Guide
2 Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts
3 Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts
6 Preface
9 Index
10 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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