2.1 Examples of commercially available biobased thermosetting polymers.Table 2.2 Fabrication methods to produce biocomposites.3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Degradation temperatures of some natural fibers.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Properties of natural fibers.
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Thermal characterization techniques.Table 5.2 Mechanical properties of biocomposites with agro‐based filler reinf...Table 5.3 Popular thermal analysis techniques with their property measured.Table 5.4 Essential findings of the DMA test.Table 5.5 Different kinds of composites made up of biobased materials and the...
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Various fire‐retardant properties of a biocomposite.
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Classification of polymers based on biodegradability criteria.Table 7.2 Properties of wood plastic composites [77].
8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Bioinspired composite material for energy storage applications.
9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Classification of the samples.
10 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Origin of common natural plant fibers.Table 13.2 Properties of cellulose‐based natural fibers.Table 13.3 Advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibers and synthetic...Table 13.4 Degradation temperature of plant fibers and man‐made fibers.
11 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Inventory data for Lifecycle Assessment.Table 15.2 Environmental damage of Eco‐indicator 99.Table 15.3 Environmental indicators.Table 15.4 Weighting comparison of a biocomposite and a GF/polyester.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Nanocellulose applications.Figure 1.2 Illustration for the structure of cellulose extracted from plants...Figure 1.3 Classification of polymers.Figure 1.4 Commonly used forms of scaffolds in tissue engineering.Figure 1.5 Number of publications considering natural fiber composites.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Steps involved in solvent casting and particulate leaching.Figure 2.2 Fabrication of electrospun nanofibers under high voltage.
3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Classification of composites.Figure 4.2 Classification of biocomposites.Figure 4.3 Examples of biopolymers.Figure 4.4 The influence of plant's components on the properties of plant fi...Figure 4.5 Chemical structure of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Figure 4.6 Methods of natural fiber modifications.
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Characterization techniques commonly used to assess the propertie...Figure 5.2 Major factors influencing the properties of biocomposites.Figure 5.3 Properties of biobased composite based on the constituents.Figure 5.4 Properties of the composites influenced by the fiber parameters....Figure 5.5 Composite fabrication techniques.Figure 5.6 Additive manufacturing technology using a 3D printer.Figure 5.7 Aging test for biocomposites.Figure 5.8 Factors influencing the thermal properties of biocomposites.Figure 5.9 Basic principle of DMA operation.Figure 5.10 Pin‐on‐disc apparatus with computer‐aided data acquisition.
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Major fire reaction properties that influence fire growth.Figure 6.2 Major components of plant fibers.Figure 6.3 Schematic representation of the cellulose degradation process....Figure 6.4 Combustion cycle of polymeric materials.Figure 6.5 Steps to accomplish the reduced flammability in polymer composite...Figure 6.6 Various kinds of wastes used as a reinforcement in the manufactur...
6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Fiber–matrix debonding caused by moisture absorption in fibers. (...Figure 7.2 Fractured surface analysis showing fiber failures in a fiber rein...Figure 7.3 Fiber failure caused by acoustic emission. (a) Axial split. (b) D...
7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Chemical structure of vegetable oils. R, R′, and R″ are linear ca...Figure 8.2 Chemical structure of (a) PLA and (b) PHAs. R represents alkyl ch...Figure 8.3 (a) Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). (b) Acrylated epoxidized soybea...Figure 8.4 Crystalline and amorphous regions of lignin.
8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1958 to 2018.Figure 9.2 Technologies/methods and materials available for CCS.Figure 9.3 Typical CCS technologies for coal‐power plants.Figure 9.4 Material properties of bioinspired materials.Figure 9.5 N, F codoped 3D porous carbon supported nanocrystals.Figure 9.6 Muscle‐inspired spindle composite morphology [98].Figure 9.7 Creatine amidinohydrolase catalyzed hydrolysis of creatine.
9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Residue; (b) residue after crushing and sifting (particles)....Figure 10.2 Samples for tensile tests with different concentrations of fiber...Figure 10.3 (a) Curved stress and strain of samples with styrene; (b) stress...Figure 10.4 Results of (a) Young modulus at break and (b) specific modulus a...Figure 10.5 Results of tenacity of the samples studied.Figure 10.6 Morphology of the samples with styrene.Figure 10.7 Curing time of the samples with styrene.Figure 10.8 Results of water absorption of the samples studied.
10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Various types of fabrication processes of composite materials.Figure 11.2 Classification of biobased composites according to their origin....
11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Biodegradable polymers derived from renewable resources and petr...Figure 12.2 Abiotic degradation of biodegradable polymers.
12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Distribution of diverse fibers.Figure 13.2 Range of major constituents in plant fiber.
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Classification of biodegradable polymers.Figure 14.2 Structure of a biofiber.Figure 14.3 SEM micrographs of the sisal fibers.Figure 14.4 SEM micrographs of untreated and treated wood fibers.Figure 14.5 SEM of the composite showing excellent fiber–matrix adhesion....Figure 14.6 SEM of untreated and 8% NaOH treated (a) jute fiber and (b) sisa...Figure 14.7 Optical photographs of (a) filter paper and all cellulose compos...Figure 14.8 Optical micrographs of acrylate broom fibers.Figure 14.9 AFM image data showing the morphology of fiber surfaces before (...Figure 14.10 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of cellulose nano...Figure 14.11 1H NMR spectrum of CTA obtained from ramie fiber.Figure 14.12 1H NMR spectrum of lignin processed from sisal fiber.Figure 14.13 CP/MAS NMR spectrum of southern pinewood.Figure 14.14 The FT‐IR spectrum of raw cellulosic pine needles.Figure 14.15 FT‐IR spectra of transgenic flax fibers.
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 System boundary for LCA.Figure 15.2 Environmental impact of biocomposite fabrication.Figure 15.3 Normalized value of biocomposite fabrication.Figure 15.4 Weighting of biocomposite fabrication.Figure 15.5 Comparison chart of a biocomposite and a GF/polyester.Figure 15.6 End‐of‐life scenario comparison of a biocomposite.
Guide
