style="font-size:15px;"> The examiner generally removes the arm guiding the biopsy instrument from the vagina and inserts the arm into the rectum to manually aid in placement of the instrument in the correct location. The biopsy location is usually at the base of one of the uterine horns or in an area of suspected pathology.
The examiner then opens the cutting basket of the instrument and applies gentle ventral pressure on the rectum to push endometrial tissue inside the cutting basket. (Figure 19.1).Figure 19.1 Endometrial biopsy instrument passed into the uterus of the mare. The basket is in the open position to take a sample.
The instrument is closed, collecting a small sample (0.25 × 1–2 cm) of endometrial tissue.
The biopsy sample is placed into fixative solution (i.e., 10% formalin or Bouin’s solution). A 25 gauge needle may be used to tease the sample out of the basket of the instrument. The container should be labeled with the name of the mare, collection date, and other pertinent information. If the biopsy sample is initially fixed in Bouin’s solution, it should be transferred into 70% alcohol the following day.
The fixed biopsy specimen is submitted to a pathology laboratory.
A single biopsy sample collected from one site is generally representative of the entire endometrium. However, collection of multiple samples may be advantageous in mares where a long‐standing infertility is present to better characterize the endometrium.
The owner may be warned that the mare may have a slight vulvar hemorrhagic discharge post‐biopsy for the first 24 hours.
Biopsy Interpretation
Histologic characteristics of the biopsy vary with the season and stage of the estrous cycle. Endometrial glands are inactive during seasonal anestrus and the luminal and glandular epithelial cells are either cuboidal or squamous. During estrus, the epithelial cells are usually columnar to tall columnar and considerable edema is present in the lamina propria. During diestrus, the epithelium varies from columnar to cuboidal, edema is absent, and the glandular branches are usually tortuous.
Figure 19.2 Endometrial biopsy from a mare with endometritis. Note the lymphocytic inflammatory cells infiltrating the endometrium (arrow).
Endometrial biopsy samples are examined for the presence of inflammatory and degenerative changes. Inflammation is recognized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the endometrial tissue (Figure 19.2). Acute inflammation is recognized by the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, whereas chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells in the endometrium. Inflammation may be infectious or non‐infectious in origin, but is a potentially treatable pathologic condition which may respond to intrauterine or systemic therapy.
Endometrial glandular degeneration is most often recognized by a deposition of collagen in the form of fibrosis or scar tissue around the endometrial glands, often forming what are called glandular “nests.” Other degenerative changes detected in biopsy evaluation include cystic dilation of glands, glandular necrosis, and accumulation of inspissated material within dilated glands (Figure 19.3). In contrast to inflammation, fibrosis represents a permanent, untreatable pathologic condition. In addition, a biofilm layer may be noted on the surface of endometrial biopsies collected from mares with endometritis that are fixed in Bouin’s solution (Figure 19.4). Unfortunately, a biofilm is often washed away from endometrial biopsy samples fixed in formalin.
The endometrium is classified on a grading scale based on biopsy characteristics that ranges from I to III. Grade I endometrium is essentially normal, with minimal inflammation or fibrosis. Grade III endometrium includes severe inflammatory and/or fibrotic changes. Grade II is a broad category, often divided into subcategories IIA and IIB, encompassing all pathologic levels between grades I and III. It is possible for an improvement in endometrial grade if the inflammation present is reduced or eliminated with proper treatment.
Figure 19.3 Endometrial biopsy (grade III) from a mare with severe fibrosis. Note the glandular nesting and inspissated material within the dilated glands (arrow).
Figure 19.4 Biofilm (bracket) adhered to the endometrial surface of a mare with bacterial endometritis.
Reproduced with permission from: Dr Ryan Ferris.
Additional information as to the potential cause of endometrial pathology is often available from diagnostic tests performed in conjunction with the biopsy, such as ultrasonography, speculum examination, uterine culture, and uterine cytology. As noted previously, fibrosis or scar tissue is considered a permanent condition. However, if the biopsy score is adversely affected by inflammation, successful treatment could result in improvement of the endometrial grade on a subsequent evaluation.
Table 19.1 Expected foaling rates of mares according to endometrial biopsy grade.
| Category | Degree of Endometrial Change | Expected Foaling Rate (%) |
|---|---|---|
| I | Absent | 80–90 |
| IIa | Mild | 50–80 |
| IIb | Moderate | 10–50 |
| III | Severe | <10 |
Adapted from Kenney and Doig (1986).
The endometrial biopsy is often used to determine the prognosis for a mare to carry a foal to term. Expected foaling rates for each endometrial biopsy category are given in Table 19.1. Initial pregnancy rates decrease and pregnancy loss rates increase with each advanced grade of pathologic condition. Many additional factors, such as stallion and broodmare management, also play critical roles in conception and maintenance of pregnancy.
Reference
1 Kenney RM, Doig PA. 1986. Equine
